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	<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Wikiadmin</id>
	<title>Pardee Wiki - User contributions [en]</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-29T15:22:31Z</updated>
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		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Master_Sheet&amp;diff=9483</id>
		<title>Master Sheet</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Master_Sheet&amp;diff=9483"/>
		<updated>2022-08-10T17:25:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: yx test1&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I don&#039;t know what happened, this is weird.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|Table &lt;br /&gt;
|Source (LINK)&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By  (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AbortJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World Value  Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AuthorbyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AutonPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DemocBest&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DiploIGOWeightMaxStandardized&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JDM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GodImprtPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappybyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappyPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey &lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HomoJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|MatPMTop&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NationProudPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|PMMinMatPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|RespectAuthPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%boys(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%girls(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%men(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore15&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAdditivePolyarchyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgBovineMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsYieldperHec&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgConMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgCropExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAGCropFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgCropImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
| HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotEx&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotIm&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  Sum&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL &lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUse&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUseperHectare&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFish%Protein&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaCatchTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| 2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaOther&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqMammalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishExportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportVal &lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ &lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFreshwaterCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishImportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportVal &lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ &lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishInlandProd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishMarineCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAGFishProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoFeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoFoodFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoSeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05 &lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 05&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodProductIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank World Development Indicators 2008 &lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Food  production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that  contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they  have no nutritive value&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
| KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAggBlanks&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Created  by JRS 2012/01/23 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgGrainLiv%GrainCon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  online 2012&lt;br /&gt;
| 2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Blended  with latest data.  The country list for  the online data ends with Serbia and Montenegro; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgLifestockProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMachTracper100H&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgMeatExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAGMeatFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgMeatImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatOtherProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMuttonandGoatMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPigMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPoultryMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCereals&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCocoaBeans&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCoffeeGreen&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdEggs&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFiberCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFruitsExclMelons&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| 2018/02/12 &lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FAOstat; &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/default.aspx#ancor&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMilk&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdOilCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12 &lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdPulses&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdRootsTub&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
| HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdSugarCane&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdTreenuts&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12 &lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdVegMel&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAid%Untied&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, UN &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|2004/10/01 &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealDon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDACEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD;  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://stats.oecd.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/22&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  JM; data converted from current dollar to % of GDP; had to leave out data  points due to unavailabiity of GDP data&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidDon%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=568&amp;amp;crid=&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEd%GDP &lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
| 2015/12/21&lt;br /&gt;
|JM,  BV, Percent of GDP computed in IFs Project&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEdScholar&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonLDCs%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonSocServ%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, United Nation&#039;s Statistics Division; Available at  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidEnergyInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidHealthcareGross&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareNet&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidICTInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidInfrastructure%TotalAid&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/05&lt;br /&gt;
| RG,KBN,KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNIOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,AZ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%TotRev&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
| YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrants%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06 &lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGross%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanGross%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06 &lt;br /&gt;
|YX &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidRecLoanNet%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanRepay%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
| 2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidRecRecover%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRoadsInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAIDSDths&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidtoDevelopingCountriesUSD&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotFlowsAgSector&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidWaterSanitation&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitationInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAlternativeSourcesofInformationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExp%TotExp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImp%TotImp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18 &lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,EM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
| CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAutomobileSales&lt;br /&gt;
|GM  IEMA&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UNOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|Our  World in Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgLifeExpectancyIHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| 2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankActAdult%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database &lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesBankATMTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
| 2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankBranchTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBirthsRegisteredUnder5%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCap&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCapAnimal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsIntermediate&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLarge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLargeFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLowMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsMini&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmall&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmallFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportLow&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTrucksTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsUpperMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesCBCapitalCont10YrMovavg&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
| 2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr10Yravg&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQualCont&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont10YrAvg&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBR&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21 &lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBTFPTot&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCDR&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesChiefExecutiveNolongerElectedVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,MM,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesChildStuntingPercentWDI&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;  JS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesCivilLibertiesindexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCivilSocietyParticipationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesCleanElectionsIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompanyValue%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessMicroEcon&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.   &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CReports%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report+2002-2003&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessRank&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CReports%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report+2002-2003&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessScore&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesComplianceParisPrinc &lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
| CW,  Official Indicator, Number of countries with National Human Rights  Institutions with (1) no status; (2) no application for accreditation; (3)  not fully compliant; (4) in compliance with the Paris Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictandTerrorsimDeathRate&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME  GBD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictandTerrorsimpPrevRate&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME  GBD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
| KN &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictAreaAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictDeathsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictOngoingUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPeaceYearsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesConflictPopulationAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPopulationShareAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16 &lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
| VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictStateDeathsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumerPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumFinal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumGenGovt%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumHHFinal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
| GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumptionperCapitaDM&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled  from IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumTotal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCoreCivilSocietyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
| 2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorpTax%GDPimf&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  WoRLD&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/03/30&lt;br /&gt;
|HF;JM  Coutry concordance created for this series IMF WoRLD. Data unable to be  pulled as batch.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorruption&lt;br /&gt;
|Transparency  International www.transparency.org/documents/index.html. Various years&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorruptionCPINew&lt;br /&gt;
|Transparency  International&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/19 &lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesAssault&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
| 2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesBribery&lt;br /&gt;
|Human  Development Report 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  split from SeriesCrimes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesDrugper100000&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10 &lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesHomicper100000&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
| CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesKidnapping&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;CN &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesPrisonersper100000&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesProperty&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
| 2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesRobbery&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
| 2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesSexualAssault&lt;br /&gt;
| UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
| 2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesCrimesTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Human  Development Report 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  split from SeriesCrimes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulAfricaDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulBuddhistDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulCathDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulConfucDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulEngSpeakDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulExComDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulHinduDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulIslamicDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulLatAmerDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulOrthDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulProtDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeathsper1000IHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeliberativeComponentIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeliberativeDemocracyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDesalinatedWater&lt;br /&gt;
|AQU  (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| 2019/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDipExIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Correlates  of War&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/25&lt;br /&gt;
|TL;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDipExOut&lt;br /&gt;
|Correlates  of War&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/25&lt;br /&gt;
|TL;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesDiploDiplomacyRelativePercent&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesDiploDiplomaticConnectionIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDistanceToEurope&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/11/06&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyMaxGlobal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/08/23&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyOut&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/08 &lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyOutStd&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyStandCountry&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyStandGlobal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesDiploIGOMembershipWeightedStd&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOMemberTotal &lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP,  Data from Adam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGONetworkedTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGONetworkedWeighted&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightedStandCountry&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightedTotal &lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP,  Data from Adam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightMax&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/08/23&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAdvocacy&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAfiodi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAfiodiIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiaicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiaicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiodicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiodicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOFiodi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOfiodicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOfiodicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypecy&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypehi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypelm&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypelo&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypeum&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOingocount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops12count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops1count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops2count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Table &lt;br /&gt;
|Source (LINK)&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AbortJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World Value  Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AuthorbyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AutonPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DemocBest&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DiploIGOWeightMaxStandardized&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JDM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GodImprtPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappybyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappyPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey &lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HomoJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|MatPMTop&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NationProudPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|PMMinMatPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|RespectAuthPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%boys(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%girls(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%men(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore15&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAdditivePolyarchyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgBovineMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsYieldperHec&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgConMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgCropExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAGCropFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgCropImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
| HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotEx&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotIm&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  Sum&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL &lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUse&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUseperHectare&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFish%Protein&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaCatchTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| 2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaOther&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqMammalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishExportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportVal &lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ &lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFreshwaterCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishImportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportVal &lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ &lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishInlandProd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishMarineCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAGFishProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishStockVarMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoFeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
| N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoFoodFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
| KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgFishtoSeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05 &lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 05&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodProductIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank World Development Indicators 2008 &lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Food  production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that  contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they  have no nutritive value&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
| KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAggBlanks&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Created  by JRS 2012/01/23 &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgGrainLiv%GrainCon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  online 2012&lt;br /&gt;
| 2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Blended  with latest data.  The country list for  the online data ends with Serbia and Montenegro; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgLifestockProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMachTracper100H&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgMeatExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets &lt;br /&gt;
| 2017/05/09 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAGMeatFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAgMeatImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatOtherProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMuttonandGoatMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPigMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPoultryMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCereals&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCocoaBeans&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCoffeeGreen&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdEggs&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFiberCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFruitsExclMelons&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| 2018/02/12 &lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FAOstat; &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/default.aspx#ancor&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMilk&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdOilCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12 &lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdPulses&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdRootsTub&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
| HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdSugarCane&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdTreenuts&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12 &lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdVegMel&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14 &lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28 &lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAid%Untied&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, UN &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
|2004/10/01 &lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealDon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDACEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD;  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://stats.oecd.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/22&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  JM; data converted from current dollar to % of GDP; had to leave out data  points due to unavailabiity of GDP data&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidDon%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=568&amp;amp;crid=&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEd%GDP &lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
| 2015/12/21&lt;br /&gt;
|JM,  BV, Percent of GDP computed in IFs Project&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEdScholar&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonLDCs%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonSocServ%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, United Nation&#039;s Statistics Division; Available at  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidEnergyInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidHealthcareGross&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareNet&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidICTInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidInfrastructure%TotalAid&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/05&lt;br /&gt;
| RG,KBN,KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNIOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,AZ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%TotRev&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
| YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrants%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06 &lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGross%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanGross%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06 &lt;br /&gt;
|YX &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidRecLoanNet%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanRepay%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
| 2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidRecRecover%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRoadsInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAIDSDths&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidtoDevelopingCountriesUSD&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotFlowsAgSector&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAidWaterSanitation&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitationInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAlternativeSourcesofInformationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExp%TotExp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
| KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImp%TotImp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18 &lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,EM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
| CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAutomobileSales&lt;br /&gt;
|GM  IEMA&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UNOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|Our  World in Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgLifeExpectancyIHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| 2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankActAdult%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database &lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
| JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesBankATMTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
| 2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankBranchTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBirthsRegisteredUnder5%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCap&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCapAnimal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsIntermediate&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLarge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLargeFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLowMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsMini&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmall&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmallFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportLow&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTrucksTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsUpperMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| SeriesCBCapitalCont10YrMovavg&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
| 2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr10Yravg&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQualCont&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont10YrAvg&lt;br /&gt;
| Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|Series Name&lt;br /&gt;
|Source&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|Description&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
| Example Series&lt;br /&gt;
| [[FAOSTAT]]&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|TZ&lt;br /&gt;
|The Example Series is pulled from [[FAOSTAT]] and is typically used to do stuff&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2&lt;br /&gt;
|Example 2 Series&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|TZ&lt;br /&gt;
|Link to [https://data.worldbank.org/ external source] in Master Sheet &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|3&lt;br /&gt;
|Example Formula&lt;br /&gt;
|N/A &lt;br /&gt;
|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|This is showcasing a formula insert&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+&#039;&#039;&#039;DataDict&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Table&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Source&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Last IFs Update&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; |&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pulled By (Initials)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ExampleSeries&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FAO [insert link]&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2015/04/10&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|TZ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Master_Sheet&amp;diff=9481</id>
		<title>Master Sheet</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Master_Sheet&amp;diff=9481"/>
		<updated>2022-08-10T17:10:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: Removed protection from &amp;quot;Master Sheet&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|Table&lt;br /&gt;
|Source (LINK)&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By  (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AbortJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World Value  Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AuthorbyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AutonPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DemocBest&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DiploIGOWeightMaxStandardized&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JDM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GodImprtPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappybyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappyPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HomoJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|MatPMTop&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NationProudPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|PMMinMatPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|RespectAuthPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%boys(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%girls(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%men(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore15&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAdditivePolyarchyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgBovineMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsYieldperHec&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgConMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotEx&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotIm&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  Sum&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUse&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUseperHectare&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFish%Protein&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaCatchTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaOther&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqMammalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportVal&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFreshwaterCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportVal&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishInlandProd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishMarineCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 05&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodProductIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank World Development Indicators 2008&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Food  production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that  contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they  have no nutritive value&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAggBlanks&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Created  by JRS 2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgGrainLiv%GrainCon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  online 2012&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Blended  with latest data.  The country list for  the online data ends with Serbia and Montenegro; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgLifestockProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMachTracper100H&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatOtherProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMuttonandGoatMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPigMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPoultryMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCereals&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCocoaBeans&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCoffeeGreen&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdEggs&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFiberCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFruitsExclMelons&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FAOstat; &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/default.aspx#ancor&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMilk&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdOilCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdPulses&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdRootsTub&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdSugarCane&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdTreenuts&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdVegMel&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAid%Untied&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, UN &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2004/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealDon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDACEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD;  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://stats.oecd.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/22&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  JM; data converted from current dollar to % of GDP; had to leave out data  points due to unavailabiity of GDP data&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDon%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=568&amp;amp;crid=&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/12/21&lt;br /&gt;
|JM,  BV, Percent of GDP computed in IFs Project&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEdScholar&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonLDCs%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonSocServ%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, United Nation&#039;s Statistics Division; Available at  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidEnergyInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareGross&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareNet&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidICTInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidInfrastructure%TotalAid&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/05&lt;br /&gt;
|RG,KBN,KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNIOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,AZ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%TotRev&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrants%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGross%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanGross%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanNet%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanRepay%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecRecover%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRoadsInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAIDSDths&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidtoDevelopingCountriesUSD&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotFlowsAgSector&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitation&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitationInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAlternativeSourcesofInformationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExp%TotExp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImp%TotImp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,EM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAutomobileSales&lt;br /&gt;
|GM  IEMA&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UNOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|Our  World in Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgLifeExpectancyIHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankActAdult%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankATMTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankBranchTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBirthsRegisteredUnder5%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCap&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCapAnimal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsIntermediate&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLarge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLargeFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLowMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsMini&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmall&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmallFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportLow&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTrucksTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsUpperMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont10YrMovavg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr10Yravg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQualCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont10YrAvg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBR&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBTFPTot&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCDR&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesChiefExecutiveNolongerElectedVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,MM,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesChildStuntingPercentWDI&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;  JS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCivilLibertiesindexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCivilSocietyParticipationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCleanElectionsIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompanyValue%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessMicroEcon&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.   &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CReports%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report+2002-2003&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessRank&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CReports%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report+2002-2003&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessScore&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesComplianceParisPrinc&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,  Official Indicator, Number of countries with National Human Rights  Institutions with (1) no status; (2) no application for accreditation; (3)  not fully compliant; (4) in compliance with the Paris Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictandTerrorsimDeathRate&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME  GBD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictandTerrorsimpPrevRate&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME  GBD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictAreaAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictDeathsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictOngoingUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPeaceYearsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPopulationAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPopulationShareAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictStateDeathsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumerPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumFinal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumGenGovt%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumHHFinal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumptionperCapitaDM&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled  from IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumTotal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCoreCivilSocietyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorpTax%GDPimf&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  WoRLD&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/03/30&lt;br /&gt;
|HF;JM  Coutry concordance created for this series IMF WoRLD. Data unable to be  pulled as batch.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorruption&lt;br /&gt;
|Transparency  International www.transparency.org/documents/index.html. Various years&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorruptionCPINew&lt;br /&gt;
|Transparency  International&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesAssault&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesBribery&lt;br /&gt;
|Human  Development Report 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  split from SeriesCrimes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesDrugper100000&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesHomicper100000&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesKidnapping&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesPrisonersper100000&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesProperty&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesRobbery&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesSexualAssault&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Human  Development Report 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  split from SeriesCrimes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulAfricaDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulBuddhistDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulCathDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulConfucDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulEngSpeakDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulExComDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulHinduDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulIslamicDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulLatAmerDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulOrthDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulProtDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeathsper1000IHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeliberativeComponentIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeliberativeDemocracyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDesalinatedWater&lt;br /&gt;
|AQU  (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDipExIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Correlates  of War&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/25&lt;br /&gt;
|TL;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDipExOut&lt;br /&gt;
|Correlates  of War&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/25&lt;br /&gt;
|TL;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDiplomacyRelativePercent&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDiplomaticConnectionIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDistanceToEurope&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/11/06&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyMaxGlobal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/08/23&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyOut&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyOutStd&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyStandCountry&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyStandGlobal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOMembershipWeightedStd&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOMemberTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP,  Data from Adam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGONetworkedTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGONetworkedWeighted&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightedStandCountry&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightedTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP,  Data from Adam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightMax&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/08/23&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAdvocacy&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAfiodi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAfiodiIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiaicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiaicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiodicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiodicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOFiodi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOfiodicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOfiodicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypecy&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypehi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypelm&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypelo&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypeum&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOingocount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops12count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops1count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops2count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Table&lt;br /&gt;
|Source (LINK)&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AbortJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World Value  Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AuthorbyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AutonPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DemocBest&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DiploIGOWeightMaxStandardized&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JDM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GodImprtPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappybyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappyPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HomoJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|MatPMTop&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NationProudPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|PMMinMatPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|RespectAuthPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%boys(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%girls(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%men(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore15&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAdditivePolyarchyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgBovineMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsYieldperHec&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgConMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotEx&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotIm&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  Sum&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUse&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUseperHectare&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFish%Protein&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaCatchTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaOther&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqMammalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportVal&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFreshwaterCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportVal&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishInlandProd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishMarineCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 05&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodProductIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank World Development Indicators 2008&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Food  production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that  contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they  have no nutritive value&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAggBlanks&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Created  by JRS 2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgGrainLiv%GrainCon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  online 2012&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Blended  with latest data.  The country list for  the online data ends with Serbia and Montenegro; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgLifestockProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMachTracper100H&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatOtherProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMuttonandGoatMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPigMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPoultryMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCereals&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCocoaBeans&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCoffeeGreen&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdEggs&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFiberCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFruitsExclMelons&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FAOstat; &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/default.aspx#ancor&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMilk&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdOilCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdPulses&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdRootsTub&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdSugarCane&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdTreenuts&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdVegMel&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAid%Untied&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, UN &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2004/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealDon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDACEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD;  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://stats.oecd.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/22&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  JM; data converted from current dollar to % of GDP; had to leave out data  points due to unavailabiity of GDP data&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDon%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=568&amp;amp;crid=&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/12/21&lt;br /&gt;
|JM,  BV, Percent of GDP computed in IFs Project&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEdScholar&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonLDCs%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonSocServ%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, United Nation&#039;s Statistics Division; Available at  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidEnergyInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareGross&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareNet&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidICTInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidInfrastructure%TotalAid&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/05&lt;br /&gt;
|RG,KBN,KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNIOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,AZ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%TotRev&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrants%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGross%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanGross%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanNet%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanRepay%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecRecover%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRoadsInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAIDSDths&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidtoDevelopingCountriesUSD&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotFlowsAgSector&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitation&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitationInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAlternativeSourcesofInformationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExp%TotExp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImp%TotImp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,EM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAutomobileSales&lt;br /&gt;
|GM  IEMA&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UNOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|Our  World in Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgLifeExpectancyIHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankActAdult%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankATMTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankBranchTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBirthsRegisteredUnder5%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCap&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCapAnimal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsIntermediate&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLarge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLargeFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLowMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsMini&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmall&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmallFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportLow&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTrucksTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsUpperMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont10YrMovavg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr10Yravg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQualCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont10YrAvg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBR&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX, JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBTFPTot&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCDR&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesChiefExecutiveNolongerElectedVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,MM,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesChildStuntingPercentWDI&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;  JS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCivilLibertiesindexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCivilSocietyParticipationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCleanElectionsIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompanyValue%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessMicroEcon&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.   &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CReports%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report+2002-2003&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessRank&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CReports%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report+2002-2003&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCompetitivenessScore&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesComplianceParisPrinc&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,  Official Indicator, Number of countries with National Human Rights  Institutions with (1) no status; (2) no application for accreditation; (3)  not fully compliant; (4) in compliance with the Paris Principles&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictandTerrorsimDeathRate&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME  GBD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictandTerrorsimpPrevRate&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME  GBD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictAreaAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictDeathsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictOngoingUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPeaceYearsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPopulationAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictPopulationShareAffectedUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictProbHegreSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Taken  from paper by Havard Hegre (2016)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|VY;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConflictStateDeathsUCDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/16&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumerPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumFinal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumGenGovt%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumHHFinal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumptionperCapitaDM&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled  from IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesConsumTotal%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/25&lt;br /&gt;
|GE,&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCoreCivilSocietyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorpTax%GDPimf&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  WoRLD&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/03/30&lt;br /&gt;
|HF;JM  Coutry concordance created for this series IMF WoRLD. Data unable to be  pulled as batch.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorruption&lt;br /&gt;
|Transparency  International www.transparency.org/documents/index.html. Various years&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCorruptionCPINew&lt;br /&gt;
|Transparency  International&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesAssault&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesBribery&lt;br /&gt;
|Human  Development Report 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  split from SeriesCrimes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesDrugper100000&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesHomicper100000&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesKidnapping&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesPrisonersper100000&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesProperty&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesRobbery&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesSexualAssault&lt;br /&gt;
|UNODC  United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice  Systems (UN-CTS 12)&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/10&lt;br /&gt;
|Until  2002 this data was a part of the Human Development Report, which obtained the  information from the ICVS, defunct since 2002;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCrimesTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Human  Development Report 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  split from SeriesCrimes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulAfricaDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulBuddhistDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulCathDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulConfucDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulEngSpeakDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulExComDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulHinduDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulIslamicDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulLatAmerDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulOrthDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCulProtDum&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeathsper1000IHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeliberativeComponentIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDeliberativeDemocracyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDesalinatedWater&lt;br /&gt;
|AQU  (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDipExIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Correlates  of War&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/25&lt;br /&gt;
|TL;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDipExOut&lt;br /&gt;
|Correlates  of War&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/25&lt;br /&gt;
|TL;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDiplomacyRelativePercent&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDiplomaticConnectionIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploDistanceToEurope&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/11/06&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyMaxGlobal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/08/23&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyOut&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyOutStd&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyStandCountry&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyStandGlobal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploEmbassyTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOMembershipWeightedStd&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center origional research.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/09&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOMemberTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP,  Data from Adam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGONetworkedTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGONetworkedWeighted&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightedStandCountry&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightedTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP,  Data from Adam&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploIGOWeightMax&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/08/23&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAdvocacy&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAfiodi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOAfiodiIn&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiaicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiaicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiodicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOdsiodicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDiploINGOFiodi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOfiodicount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOfiodicytotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypecy&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypehi&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypelm&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypelo&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOinctypeum&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOingocount&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops12count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops1count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesDIPLOINGOops2count&lt;br /&gt;
|Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/12/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AM;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Table&lt;br /&gt;
|Source (LINK)&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AbortJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World Value  Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AuthorbyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|AutonPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DemocBest&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|DiploIGOWeightMaxStandardized&lt;br /&gt;
|Pardee  Center Diplometrics&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JDM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|GodImprtPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappybyEduc&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HappyPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|HomoJustifPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|MatPMTop&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|NationProudPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|PMMinMatPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|RespectAuthPercent&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Value Survey&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%boys(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%girls(15-19)marriedorunion&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%men(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore15&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Series%women(20-24)marriedorunionbefore18&lt;br /&gt;
|UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAdditivePolyarchyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgBovineMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealsYieldperHec&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCerealWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgConMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCropStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotEx&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgCropTotIm&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  Sum&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGCroptoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUse&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFertUseperHectare&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFish%Protein&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaCatchTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaOther&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishAquaTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to million metric tons&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqAnimalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqMammalsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqPlantsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCephalopodsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdCrustaceansFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdDemersalFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdFreshwaterFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMarineFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdMolluscsFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdOthersFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Catch  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishCatchProdPelagicFSJ&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportVal&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishExpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|KN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishFreshwaterCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportsPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportVal&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ Software&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO,  FishstatJ&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|SDT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishImpt&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishInlandProd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/25&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishMarineCatch&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/coastal-marine/variables.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdAquaMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global  Aquaculture  Production Quantity data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/13&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchInland&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCatchMarine&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FishstatJ software, Global Catch Production Quantity Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/07/14&lt;br /&gt;
|ALN,  MKH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProdPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishStockVarPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoFoodPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqMammalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/19&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqPlantsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilBodyOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilLiverOilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMealFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/20&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedAqAnimalsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCephalopodsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedCrustaceansFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedDemersalFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGFishtoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedFreshwaterFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMarineFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedMolluscsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFishtoSeedPelagicFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodPriceIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 05&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFoodProductIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank World Development Indicators 2008&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Food  production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that  contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they  have no nutritive value&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruitWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgFruVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAggBlanks&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Created  by JRS 2012/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgGrainLiv%GrainCon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  online 2012&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Blended  with latest data.  The country list for  the online data ends with Serbia and Montenegro; CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgLifestockProdIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMachTracper100H&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatCalPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatDomesticSupplyFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatExportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatExportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFatPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  Food Balance Sheets&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,AJM,HF,  Aggregation rules on Wiki for each series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportQuantityFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatImportsFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatImportValueFAOTrade&lt;br /&gt;
|FAOSTAT,  Trade Domain&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMeatOtherProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatProteinPerCapPerDayFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeatStockVarFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/12/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KS,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoFoodManuFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoOtherUtilFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoSeedFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAGMeattoWasteFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgMuttonandGoatMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPigMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPoultryMeatProductionFAO&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCereals&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCocoaBeans&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdCoffeeGreen&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdEggs&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFiberCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdFruitsExclMelons&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMeat&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  FAOstat; &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://faostat.fao.org/site/569/default.aspx#ancor&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdMilk&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdOilCrops&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdPulses&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdRootsTub&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdSugarCane&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdTreenuts&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgProdVegMel&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgPulsesIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|KS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgRawIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableSupply&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegetableWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegEx&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAgVegIm&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/28&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,HF,LW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAid%Untied&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, UN &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2004/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealDon&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidCerealRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/04&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDACEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD;  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://stats.oecd.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/22&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  JM; data converted from current dollar to % of GDP; had to leave out data  points due to unavailabiity of GDP data&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDon%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=568&amp;amp;crid=&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEd%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/12/21&lt;br /&gt;
|JM,  BV, Percent of GDP computed in IFs Project&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonEdScholar&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonLDCs%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations Statistics Division available at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AN;JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidDonSocServ%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Millennium  Indicators Database, United Nation&#039;s Statistics Division; Available at  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_goals.asp&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidEnergyInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeCommitRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidforTradeDisburseRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareGross&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidHealthcareNet&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidICTInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidInfrastructure%TotalAid&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/05&lt;br /&gt;
|RG,KBN,KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRec%GNIOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,AZ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrant%TotRev&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGrants%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecGross%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanGross%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanNet%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecLoanRepay%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRecRecover%GNI&lt;br /&gt;
|OECDStat  and World Bank and OECD GNI estimates (current US)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidRoadsInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAIDSDths&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/11/23&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidtoDevelopingCountriesUSD&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotalOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidTotFlowsAgSector&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitation&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAidWaterSanitationInfrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;  MJE?JM asked for exact source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAlternativeSourcesofInformationIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExp%TotExp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsExportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImp%TotImp&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,EM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImports&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesArmsImportsMonadic%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WB;  SIPRI directly for Palestine, Montenegro, and Taiwan; Pardee calculations&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP;  Unit fix&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAutomobileSales&lt;br /&gt;
|GM  IEMA&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageMen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UN&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  World Marriage Data 2019&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-UNOECD&lt;br /&gt;
|Our  World in Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgAgeAtFirstMarriageWomen-WB&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesAvgLifeExpectancyIHMEForecasts&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/06&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankActAdult%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankATMTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBankBranchTotl&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|MH,  RG, CW, official indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesBirthsRegisteredUnder5%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCap&lt;br /&gt;
|FAO  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|HF,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCalPCapAnimal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsIntermediate&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLarge&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLargeFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsLowMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsMini&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmall&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSmallFamilyWagon&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportHigh&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsSportLow&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsTrucksTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCarsUpperMedium&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBCapitalCont10YrMovavg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBGDPgr10Yravg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQualCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/10/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesCBLabQuantCont10YrAvg&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project with Data from Conference Board&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/25&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1F1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1F2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1G1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1G2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1M1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1M2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1R1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1R2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1U1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ1U2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2F1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2F2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2G1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2G2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2M1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2M2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2R1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2R2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2U1&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualADJ2U2&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.beta-umr7522.fr/Datasets&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/29&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualAdultsAg15Total&lt;br /&gt;
|IFs  pre-proc estimation&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/06/03&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;  from IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDQualMeanScorePrimaryFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|An  Updated Global Dataset on Education Quality (1965-2015)&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDQualMeanScorePrimaryMale&lt;br /&gt;
|An  Updated Global Dataset on Education Quality (1965-2015)&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDQualMeanScorePrimaryTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|An  Updated Global Dataset on Education Quality (1965-2015)&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDQualMeanScoreSecondaryFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|An  Updated Global Dataset on Education Quality (1965-2015)&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDQualMeanScoreSecondaryMale&lt;br /&gt;
|An  Updated Global Dataset on Education Quality (1965-2015)&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDQualMeanScoreSecondaryTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|An  Updated Global Dataset on Education Quality (1965-2015)&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,EB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingBot25%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/P06_IR_Ch2.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2011/international-results-pirls.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingMales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2011/international-results-pirls.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingMark400%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2011/international-results-pirls.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingMark475%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2011/international-results-pirls.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingMark550%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2011/international-results-pirls.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingMark625%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2011/international-results-pirls.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingTop10%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/P06_IR_Ch2.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingTop25%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/P06_IR_Ch2.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingTop50%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/P06_IR_Ch2.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPIRLSReadingTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/PDF/P06_IR_Ch2.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAMathFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAMathMales&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAMathTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAMathTotalWCI&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Competitiveness Yearbook 2013, IMD (Penrose Sub)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/21&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAReadingFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAReadingMales&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAReadingTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAScienceFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAScienceMales&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAScienceTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Programme for International Student Assessment,  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pisadata.acer.edu.au/2006&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPISAScienceTotalWCI&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Competitiveness Yearbook 2013, IMD (Penrose Sub)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/21&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriAllAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriMathAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|MTI,KBN:  Updated with MIDEH conversions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriMathRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriReadAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|MTI,KBN:  Updated with MIDEH conversions for Honduras&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriReadRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriSciAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriSciRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriSecAllAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualPriTotalRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSchlsConInternet%&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 06&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecAllAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecMathAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|MTI,KBN:  Updated with MIDEH conversions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecMathRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecReadAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|mti,kbn&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecReadRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecSciAvgScrWBGA&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank EDSTATS&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecSciRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualSecTotalRatioNAEK&lt;br /&gt;
|Nadir  Altinok (draft)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thMales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thMark400%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thMark475%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thMark550%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thMark625%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thTop10%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thTop25%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thTop50%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath4thTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath8thFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath8thMales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath8thTop10%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath8thTop25%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath8thTop50%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSMath8thTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-mathematics.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thMales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thMark400%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thMark475%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thMark550%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thMark625%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thTop10%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thTop25%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thTop50%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience4thTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience8thFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience8thMales&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience8thTop10%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience8thTop25%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience8thTop50%&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://isc.bc.edu/timss1995i&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualTIMSSScience8thTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/international-results-science.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/02/23&lt;br /&gt;
|Belgium  is average of Flemish and French scores&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualWEFRank&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+CompetitGlobal&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  Competitiveness Report 2004-2005&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Survey  Results&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdQualWEFScore&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Economic Forum.  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+CompetitGlobal&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  Competitiveness Report 2004-2005&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Survey  Results&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in  late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Calcualted from Barro-Lee using female and total-entire series updated to  reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to24Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Secondary Completed + Tertiary total   of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to24Female%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary total   of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to24Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to24Male%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to24Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to24Total%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to64Female%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to64Male%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15to64Total%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads15Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in  late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads20to24Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads20to24Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads20to24Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads25Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB;  AT;CN-entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made  in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads25Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB;  AT;CN Calcualted from Barro-Lee using female and total-entire series updated  to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads25to64Female%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads25to64Male%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads25to64Total%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Secondary Completed + Tertiary Total of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecAdultGrads25Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB;  AT;CN-entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made  in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecDuration&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2015 Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrNoFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrNoMal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Website&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/11/16&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrNoTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollFemaleRateBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Secondary)and gender  (female), at five-year intervals.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollFemaleRatioBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Secondary)and gender  (female), at five-year intervals.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollGross%Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|LW,JM,  MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollGross%Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|LW,JM,  MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollGross%Parity&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollGross%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Website 2015&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KS;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollMaleRateBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Secondary)and gender  (male), at five-year intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollMaleRatioBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Secondary)and gender  (male), at five-year intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNet&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  DK,AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNetFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK,AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNetFemaleOlder&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/23&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;  AMB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNetMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  DK,AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNetMaleOlder&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/23&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;  AMB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNetOlder&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/04/23&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;  AMB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollNetParity&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollTotalRateBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Secondary), at five-year  intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecEnrollTotalRatioBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Secondary), at five-year  intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecGirlBoyRatio&lt;br /&gt;
|1990  UN Statistical Division; rest United Nations Statistics Division available at  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Years  with no data at all omitted&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecGradRate&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Education at a Glance 2001:146&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecGradRateFem&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Education at a Glance 2001:146&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecGradRateMale&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD,  Education at a Glance 2001:146&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLower2UpperFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/12/22&lt;br /&gt;
|Added  the year column 2010 to read provincial values in the sub-regionalized model  (MR)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLower2UpperMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/12/22&lt;br /&gt;
|Added  the year column 2010 to read provincial values in the sub-regionalized model  (MR)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLower2UpperTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/12/22&lt;br /&gt;
|Added  the year column 2010 to read provincial values in the sub-regionalized model  (MR)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerAdultGrads25Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerAdultGrads25Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerAdultGrads25Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/05/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerDuration&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  DK,AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollGross%Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollGross%Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollGross%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollGrossParity&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollHeadcountFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollHeadcountMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  is calculated by subtracting EdSeclowerEnrollHeadcountFemale from (same)Total&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerEnrollHeadcountTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerGradRateAllFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|BJH,  MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerGradRateAllMal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KS;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerGradRateAllTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|BJH,MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerGradRateGenFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|BJH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerGradRateGenMal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|BJH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerGradRateGenTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/18&lt;br /&gt;
|BJH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerNetEnrollFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM,MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerNetEnrollMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerNetEnrollTot%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM,MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerSurvivalFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|columns  for 2009 &amp;amp; 2010 added to allow WC data to read in the provincial model,  MTR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerSurvivalGenFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/05&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerSurvivalGenMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/05&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerSurvivalGenTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/05&lt;br /&gt;
|N.S&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerSurvivalMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|columns  for 2009 &amp;amp; 2010 added to allow WC data to read in the provincial model,  MTR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerSurvivalTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|columns  for 2009 &amp;amp; 2010 added to allow WC data to read in the provincial model,  MTR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerTeachTrainFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  Extended Source Def truncated; definition truncated&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerTeachTrainMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerTeachTrainTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerVoc%AllFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerVoc%AllMale&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowerVoc%AllTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrCompletionFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrCompletionMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrCompletionTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr1BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr1Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr1Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr2BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr2Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr2Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr3BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr3Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr3Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr4BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr4Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr4Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr5BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr5Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGr5Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGrLastCumBothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGrLastCumFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrDrpGrLastCumMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr1BothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr1FemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr1MaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr2BothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr2FemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr2MaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr3BothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr3FemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr3MaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr4BothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr4FemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr4MaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr5BothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr5FemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr5MaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr6BothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr6FemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGr6MaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGrUnSpBothSexesNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGrUnSpFemaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrEnrGrUnSpMaleNo&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/24&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrPTR&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://data.uis.unesco.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr1BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr1Female&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr1Male&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr2BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr2Female&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr2Male&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr3BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr3Female&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr3Male&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr4BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr4Female&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr4Male&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr5BothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr5Female&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%Gr5Male&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%GrAllBothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%GrAllFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLowrRpt%GrAllMale&lt;br /&gt;
|The  World Bank Education Statistics (EdStats)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParityGenderMath&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParityGenderRead&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParityGenderTeachers&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParityRurUrbMath&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParityRurUrbRead&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParitySocioeconMath&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecLwrParitySocioeconRead&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecSurvivalFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecSurvivalMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecSurvivalTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperDuration&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollGross%Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollGross%Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollGross%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollGrossParity&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/11&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollGrossParityNew&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/07&lt;br /&gt;
|mti,MMN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollHeadcountFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollHeadCountMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  is calculated by subtracting EdSecUpperEnrollHeadcountFemale from (same)Total&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperEnrollHeadcountTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperGradRateAllFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperGradRateAllMal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperGradRateAllTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperNetEnrollFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperNetEnrollMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,EB,BB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperNetEnrollTot%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,EB,  BB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperParityGenderTeachers&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperSurvivalFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|columns  for 2009 &amp;amp; 2010 added to allow WC data to read in the provincial model,  MTR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperSurvivalMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|columns  for 2009 &amp;amp; 2010 added to allow WC data to read in the provincial model,  MTR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperSurvivalTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  by IFs Team from Enrollment and Repeater Data&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|columns  for 2009 &amp;amp; 2010 added to allow WC data to read in the provincial model,  MTR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperTeachTrainFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperTeachTrainMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperTeachTrainTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperVoc%AllFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperVoc%AllMale&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpperVoc%AllTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpprCompletionFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpprCompletionMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecUpprCompletionTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecVoc%Female&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecVoc%Male&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecVoc%Tot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AW,  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecWilsGPI1991&lt;br /&gt;
|John  Cheeseboro&#039;s Extraction&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecWilsGPI1999&lt;br /&gt;
|John  Cheeseboro&#039;s Extraction&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Uses  Post 1999 data; few of the countries   use one data point close to 1999&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecWilsGPICohort&lt;br /&gt;
|John  Cheeseboro&#039;s Extraction&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Uses  Cohort Projection&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecWilsNER1991Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|John  Cheeseboro&#039;s Extraction&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecWilsNER1999Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|John  Cheeseboro&#039;s Extraction&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Uses  Post 1999 data; few of the countries   use one data point close to 1999&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdSecWilsStudentsTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|John  Cheeseboro&#039;s Extraction&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in  late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Calcualted from Barro-Lee using female and total-entire series updated to  reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to24Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet  Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to24Female%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to24Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet  Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to24Male%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to24Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/04&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;  Tertiary Completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to24Total%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary Completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to64Female%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to64Male%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15to64Total%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads15Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in  late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25-34Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|BV&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25-34Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|BV&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25-34Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/14&lt;br /&gt;
|BV&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25Female%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB;  AT;CN-entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made  in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25Male%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB;  AT;CN Calcualted from Barro-Lee using female and total-entire series updated  to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25to64Female%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25to64Male%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25to64Total%BLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAdultGrads25Total%&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB;  AT;CN-entire series updated to reflect Barro-Lee revisions to 2010 data made  in late 2011&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAGrad%&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD  2001 Education at a Glance 169&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerAIntake%&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD  2001 Education at a Glance 155&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerBGrad%&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD  2001 Education at a Glance 169&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerBIntake%&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD  2001 Education at a Glance 155&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctAgFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions; BB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctAgMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions; BB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctAgTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions; BB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctEdFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctEdMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctEdTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctEMCFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctEMCMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctEMCTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctSciFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctSciMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctSciTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctSSBLFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctSSBLMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrHdctSSBLTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED5AHdctMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED5AHdctTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED5BHdctFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED5BHdctMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED5BHdctTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED6HdctFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED6HdctMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrISCED6HdctTot&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrlSCED5AHdctFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollFemaleRateBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Tertiary)and gender  (female), at five-year intervals.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollFemaleRatioBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Tertiary)and gender  (female), at five-year intervals.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollGross%Female&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollGross%Male&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollGross%Total&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/17&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollHeadcountFem&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollHeadcountMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/26&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollHeadcountTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/17&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  to millions&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollMaleRateBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Tertiary)and gender (male),  at five-year intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollMaleRatioBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Tertiary)and gender (male),  at five-year intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollTotalRateBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Tertiary), at five-year  intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerEnrollTotalRatioBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/15&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Enrollment ratios, subdivided by education level (Tertiary), at five-year  intervals&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerFemaleMaleRatio&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRate1stDegreeFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KS;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRate1stDegreeMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KS;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRate1stDegreeTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KS;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRateFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics Website&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  from UIS tertiary graduates numbers and tertiary age population (divided by  5); New Zealand too high&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRatemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics Website&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  from UIS tertiary graduates numbers and tertiary age population (divided by  5)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRateTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics Website&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/07/02&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  from UIS tertiary graduates numbers and tertiary age population (divided by  5);&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGradRateTotal%OECD&lt;br /&gt;
|OECD  Factbook 2010&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGrads%Ag&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  BJH, MN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGrads%Engg&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  BJH, MN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGrads%Health&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  BJH, MN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGrads%Sci&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  Web Database, &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.uis.unesco.org&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/31&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  BJH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGrads%SciEngg&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,HF,DK,AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdterGraduatesTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/15&lt;br /&gt;
|mti;  Check unit&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerGrossOutBoundEnrollRatio&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerIntakeGrossFemale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics (Gradrate and Enrollment Rate)&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/18&lt;br /&gt;
|MTI,KN,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerIntakeGrossFemale%Old&lt;br /&gt;
|IFs  Calculation from tertiary gross enrollment and tertiary 1st degree completion  rates&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  from UIS (with IFs Calculation) tertiary graduation rate and tertiary  enrolment rate&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerIntakeGrossMale%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics (Gradrate and Enrollment Rate)&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/18&lt;br /&gt;
|MTI,KN,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerIntakeGrossMale%Old&lt;br /&gt;
|IFs  Calculation from tertiary gross enrollment and tertiary 1st degree completion  rates&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  from UIS (with IFs Calculation) tertiary graduation rate and tertiary  enrolment rate&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerIntakeGrossTotal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNESCO  Institute for Statistics (Gradrate and Enrollment Rate)&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/18&lt;br /&gt;
|MTI,KN,DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerIntakeGrossTotal%Old&lt;br /&gt;
|IFs  Calculation from tertiary gross enrollment and tertiary 1st degree completion  rates&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/21&lt;br /&gt;
|Calculated  from UIS (with IFs Calculation) tertiary graduation rate and tertiary  enrolment rate&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerNCESGrads&lt;br /&gt;
|NCES,  WB(OECD), UNESCO&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|For  WB 1997 ICSED 5A and ICSED 5B added, For UNESCO + IFs population of IFs -  cohort 5 , year 2000 and UNESCO table 9 from GED 2004 used, Regression  results in file Bachelors degree pcnt by sex_male_regression_add.xls&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerNCESGradsFem&lt;br /&gt;
|NCES,  WB(OECD), UNESCO&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|For  WB 1997 ICSED 5A and ICSED 5B added, For UNESCO + IFs population of IFs -  cohort 5 , year 2000 and UNESCO table 9 from GED 2004 used, Regression  results in file Bachelors degree pcnt by sex_male_regression_add.xls&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdTerNCESGradsMal&lt;br /&gt;
|NCES,  WB(OECD), UNESCO&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|For  WB 1997 ICSED 5A and ICSED 5B added, For UNESCO + IFs population of IFs -  cohort 5 , year 2000 and UNESCO table 9 from GED 2004 used, Regression  results in file Bachelors degree pcnt by sex_male_regression_add.xls&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEducationQualityAG&lt;br /&gt;
|Computed  for Productivity Project&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/09&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdUppSecGradBothSexes&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  CG, MN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdUppSecGradFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  CG, MN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdUppSecGradMale&lt;br /&gt;
|UIS&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  CG, MN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-24Female&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-24FemaleBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education for age  groups 15-19 and 19-24 - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-24Male&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-24MaleBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/11&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Tertiary completed of B-L Spreadsheet Columns&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-24Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-24TotalBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge1564CohenSoto&lt;br /&gt;
|Cohen  &amp;amp; Soto Educ database at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iae-csic.uab.es/soto/data.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-64FemaleBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-64MaleBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15-64TotalBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15CohenSoto&lt;br /&gt;
|Cohen  &amp;amp; Soto Educ database at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iae-csic.uab.es/soto/data.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15Female&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15Male&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge15Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge20-29Female&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education for age  groups 20-24 and 25-29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge20-29Male&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education for age  groups 20-24 and 25-29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge20-29Total&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,MD;  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education for age  groups 20-24 and 25-29&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25-64FemaleBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25-64MaleBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25-64TotalBLLong&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/02/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SK;HF:  Calculated by taking pop weighted average of avg. years of education&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25CohenSoto&lt;br /&gt;
|Cohen  &amp;amp; Soto Educ database at &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iae-csic.uab.es/soto/data.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2007/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|No  Notes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25Female&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/01&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25Male&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/01/19&lt;br /&gt;
|SK,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsAge25UNHDRO&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  HDR&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDYearsFemaleAge25UNHDRO&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  HDR&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|WB,  World Development Report&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEDYearsMaleAge25UNHDRO&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  HDR&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEdYearsMales&lt;br /&gt;
|WB,  World Development Report&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEgalitarianComponentIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEgalitarianDemocracyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesElectedOfficialsIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesElectoralComponentIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesElectoralDemocracyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesElectoralRegimeIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmigrationFemaleTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Population and Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmigrationMaleTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Population and Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsC02fromLUCFWRICAIT&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://cait2.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/06/03&lt;br /&gt;
|PJO&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCarbon&lt;br /&gt;
|Carbon  Dioxide Information Analysis  Center;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_coun.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt; and   &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_coun.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCarbonCDIAC&lt;br /&gt;
|Carbon  Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/04/14&lt;br /&gt;
|R.G,HF;  Data covers 1751-2009 but there is a max of 250 to import, so only used  1800-2009.  Updated 2000 - 2010; divide  by /1000000, GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCarbonGCP&lt;br /&gt;
|UNFCCC  and CDIAC&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/03/27&lt;br /&gt;
|AP;VY&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCarbonIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|International  Energy Agency&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/31&lt;br /&gt;
|MPK  - The data was originally in millions of tons and referred to CO2, so the  formula = [value/1000 * (12/44)] was used for conversion to billion tons of  carbon.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCH4EntericFermentation&lt;br /&gt;
|EDGAR&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCH4Oil&amp;amp;Gas&lt;br /&gt;
|EDGAR&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCH4Other&lt;br /&gt;
|EDGAR  database PBL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCH4RiceCultivation&lt;br /&gt;
|EDGAR  database PBL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCH4SolidFuels&lt;br /&gt;
|EDGAR&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCH4WasteWater&lt;br /&gt;
|EDGAR  database PBL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/29&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO21900to1999Cum&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromAgric&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromElec&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromIndCons&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromRes&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromRoadTrans&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2fromTrans&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2per2000$PPP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2per2000$PPPWRI&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2per2005$PPP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2perCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2perPPP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2WRI&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsCO2WRICAIT&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://cait2.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/06/03&lt;br /&gt;
|PJO&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsNOX&lt;br /&gt;
|Economic  Commission for Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsOrgWatperWorkerDay&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/09&lt;br /&gt;
|AMB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmissionsSOX&lt;br /&gt;
|Economic  Commission for Europe&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CFemale15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CFemale15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CFemale25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CMale15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CMale15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CMale25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CTot15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CTot15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%1D90CTot25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CFemale15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CFemale15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CFemale25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CMale15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CMale15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CMale25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CTot15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CTot15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%3D20CTot25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CFemale15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CFemale15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CFemale25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CMale15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CMale15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CMale25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CTot15+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CTot15-24&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEmpPov%5D50CTot25+&lt;br /&gt;
|ILOSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/16&lt;br /&gt;
|GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnBalInd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnBalRes&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnBalTrans&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConAgric&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiodieselTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD;  DAB - FROM EXTENDED FILE (No 2011 data on file); converted ktoe to bboe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiodieselTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/16&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiogasIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiogasLiqBiomass&lt;br /&gt;
|EarthTrends  database available at www.earthtrends.org&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiogasolineTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/16&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiogasolineTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/16&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiogasOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiogasTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiomassIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiomassOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiomassResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiomassTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConBiomassTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98;WRI Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoalBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiply each value by *.00733 (from  www.iea.org/statistics/resources/unitconverter)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoalIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoalOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoalResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoalTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCoalTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From World Energy  Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCombustRenewWasteIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCombustRenewWasteOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCombustRenewWasteResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCombustRenewWasteTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCombustRenewWasteTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConCommerc&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConComPubSer&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConComRenewWaste&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2014 May BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/06/11&lt;br /&gt;
|ME;  PM; AMB; *5.89*0.0001*0.000000001&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecResidentIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecWDIKwh&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2013 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/09&lt;br /&gt;
|ME;  PM; AMB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConElecWRI&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConFossilFuels&lt;br /&gt;
|EarthTrends  database available at www.earthtrends.org&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98;WRI Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGasBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  values multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGeothBioBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  values multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGeothermIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGeothermOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGeothermResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConGeothermTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConHydro&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConHydroBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConIndIronSteel&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConIndMining&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConIndTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConNatGasIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConNatGasOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConNatGasResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConNatGasTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConNatGasTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConNucBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/09&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98;WRI Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConOilBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConOtherBiofuelsIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConOtherBiofuelsTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConOtherBiofuelsTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConPhoto&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConRes&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConResperCap&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConResperCapKg&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarTherm&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarThermalTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarThermIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarThermOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarThermResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolarWindWaveGeo&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConSolidBiomass&lt;br /&gt;
|EarthTrends  database available at www.earthtrends.org&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTotalWDI&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2017 Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/04/19&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN:  Original units are in Kgs of oil equivalent per capita. Multiplied by  population and then converted to BOE by multiplying by of 0.00684357. Finally  divided by billion to get BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTrad&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTransDomAir&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTransIntlAir&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTransRoad&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConTransTot&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConWind&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnConWindBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnCumProdGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnCumProdOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/03/29&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecAccess%Households&lt;br /&gt;
|ITU  2014 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/01/28&lt;br /&gt;
|EWF,  AT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecAccess%National&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  LM, JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecAccess%Rural&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  LM, JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecAccess%Urban&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  LM, JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecConsPerCap&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecHydroCapacityEIA&lt;br /&gt;
|US  Energy Information Administration&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecHydroPumpedCapacityEIA&lt;br /&gt;
|US  Energy Information Administration&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecNonHydroRenCapacityEIA&lt;br /&gt;
|US  Energy Information Administration&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecNuclearCapacityEIA&lt;br /&gt;
|US  Energy Information Administration&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecShrEnDem&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2014 May BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|MD,JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecShrEnDemOld&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2011; IFs  calculation using two WDI  tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;  MTI; calculated using 100 *  (EnElecConsPerCap*Population)/(EnConTotalWDI*1700000) ; Energy consumption  converted from BBOE to KwHr&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecThermalCapacityEIA&lt;br /&gt;
|US  Energy Information Administration&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|AS;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecTotalCapacityCanning&lt;br /&gt;
|Canning,  David (1998) and WDI (2006)&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/08/25&lt;br /&gt;
|CT&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecTotalCapacityEIA&lt;br /&gt;
|US  Energy Information Administration (EIA)&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/13&lt;br /&gt;
|AA,  CK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecTotalCapacityForecastEACC&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Environmental Adaptation and Climate Change Project&lt;br /&gt;
|2011/02/17&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecTransLoss%&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnElecTransLoss%Old&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExports&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsBiodieselIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsBiogasolineIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/09/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsCoalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsCombustRenewWasteIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsElecGwHrIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to GwHr (ktoe*-.086)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsElecIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsFossilFuels&lt;br /&gt;
|EarthTrends  On-line&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsNatGasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsNGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsOilIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsOilProductsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsOtherBiofuelsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsPeatIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExportsTotalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdBioDieselsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/16&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdBiogasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdBiogasolineCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdCharcoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdIndustrialWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdMunicipalWasteNonRenewableCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdMunicipalWasteRenewableCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdnonspecPrimaryBiomassWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdOtherLiquidbiofuelsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdOtherSourcesCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdPrimarySolidGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdSolarThermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdSPVCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdTideWaveOCeanCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnExpProdWindCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnFuelEx%MerchEx&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnFuelIm%MerchIm&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportCombustRenewWasteIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  Energy Balances of OECD and non-OECD Countries 2008&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/04/24&lt;br /&gt;
|converted  ktoe to bboe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImports&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsBiodieselIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/23&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsBiogasolineIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/23&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/18&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsCoalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsElecGwHrIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to GwHr (ktoe*.086)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsElecIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsFossilFuels&lt;br /&gt;
|EarthTrends  On-line&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsNatGasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsNet&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  CD 07&lt;br /&gt;
|2008/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsNet%EnUse&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsNGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/04/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsOilIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsOilProductsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsOtherBiofuelsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsPeatIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnImportsTotalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnInstGeothermalBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnInstSolarBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnInstWindBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecCoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecCombustibleRenewableWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecCrudeNGLFeedstocksCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecElectricityCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecGeothermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecHeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecHydroCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecNuclearCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecOilProductsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecPeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecSolarWindOtherCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnOutputElecTotalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/10&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; AJM; JM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnPricePumpDiesel&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnPricePumpSuper&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdBioBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00000733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdBiodieselIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdBiogasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdBiogasolineIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/24&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics dics; converted from TJ to ktoe (TJ*0.0238845897);  converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCoalBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCoalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCombustibleRenewableWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCombustRenewWasteIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdCrudeNGLFeedstocksCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2014 May BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/02/12&lt;br /&gt;
|MD,JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec%Coal&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec%Gas&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec%Hydro&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec%Nuc&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec%Oil&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElec%TransLoss&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/12/13&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecBioEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/31&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecCoalEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecDemandEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecGasEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecHydroEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecNetImportEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecNuclearEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecOtherFossilEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecOtherRenewEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecSolarEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecTotalEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElectricityCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdElecWindEMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|EMBER&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/01&lt;br /&gt;
|GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 00-01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdGasBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdGeoTherm&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdGeothermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdGeothermIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdHeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdHydroCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdHydroIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdNatGasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdNuclear&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98; 1960 guestimated&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdNuclearCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdNuclearIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  CD 98&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdOilBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by .00733 to convert to BBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdOilIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdOilProductsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdOtherBiofuelsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Statistics disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdPeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdSolar&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdSolarPhotoIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdSolarThermIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdSolarWindOtherCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdTideWave&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  from thousand tons oil equivalent with 7.3/1000000&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdTideWaveOceanIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdTotalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance dics; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnProdWindIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Balances&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/16&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserCBMBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserCoalBGRBBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/04/05&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN;  Combined hard and brown coal totals; Conversions: 1 ton hard coal=4.879boe,  brown=2.053boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserCoalBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy 2013&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/01/27&lt;br /&gt;
|BV;  AMBl SH; .00733&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC;  Oil and Gas Journal; 1960 estimated&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/25&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserGasBGRBBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserGasBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/09&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  multiplied by 6.6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserHeavyOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserHyd&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Annual&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC;  Oil and Gas Journal; 1960 estimated&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/25&lt;br /&gt;
|AT;CN;Brunei  includes Malaysia to 1975&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserOilBGRBBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/04/12&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserOilBP&lt;br /&gt;
|BP’s  Statistical Review of World Energy&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/11/07&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserOilSandsBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserShaleGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnReserShaleOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA;  In 2014, term changed from Shale Oil to Tight Oil&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorCBMBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorCoalBGRBBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/03&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN;  Combined hard and brown coal totals; Conversions: 1 ton hard coal=4.879boe,  brown=2.053boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorGas&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA;  Total is inclusive of EnReserGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorGasBGRBBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN;  Total is inclusive of EnReserGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorGasUSGS&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S.  GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORLD PETROLEUM ASSESSMENT 2000  available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060/index.html#TOP&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorHeavyOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorHydEcon&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Energy Resources Survey 2013  (&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Complete_WER_2013_Survey.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); PJO: used conversion factors to change GWh to MTOE to BBOE.  GWh*(8.59845E-5 MTOE*.00733 BBOE)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorHydTech&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Energy Resources Survey 2013  (&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Complete_WER_2013_Survey.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); PJO: used conversion factors to change GWh to MTOE to BBOE.  GWh*(8.59845E-5 MTOE*.00733 BBOE)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorHydTheo&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Energy Resources Survey 2013  (&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Complete_WER_2013_Survey.pdf&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/01/07&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  (vetter); PJO: used conversion factors to change GWh to MTOE to BBOE.  GWh*(8.59845E-5 MTOE*.00733 BBOE)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorNGLUSGS&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S.  GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORLD PETROLEUM ASSESSMENT 2000  available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060/index.html#TOP&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorOil&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA;  Total is inclusive of EnReserOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorOilBGRBBOE&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/04/21&lt;br /&gt;
|ARN;  Total is inclusive of EnReserOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorOilSandsBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorOilUSGS&lt;br /&gt;
|U.S.  GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WORLD PETROLEUM ASSESSMENT 2000  available at:  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060/index.html#TOP&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorShaleGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorShaleOilBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA;  In 2014, term changed from Shale Oil to Tight Oil; Reserves and Resources not  added&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorSynthetic&lt;br /&gt;
|WEC&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnResorTightGasBGR&lt;br /&gt;
|BGR;  &amp;quot;Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in  Hannover; Annual Report. Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy  Resources&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/28&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnThermalElec&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESCoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESCombustibleRenewableWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESCrudeNGLFeedstocksCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESElectricityCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/05/27&lt;br /&gt;
|From  World Energy Balance disc; converted ktoe to BBOE; AJM; HF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESGeothermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESHeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESHydroCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESNuclearCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESOilProductsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESPeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESSolarWindOtherCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnTPESTotalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  2012 BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/12&lt;br /&gt;
|DAB  - FROM SUMMARY FILE; AS from DSR; Converted from &#039;ktoe&#039; to billion barrels of  oil equivalent, conversion factor is 7.33 toe/boe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvAnnual%Deforest&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  CD 1999&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvAvgAnnTemp&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://na.unep.net/globalpop/1-degree/description.php&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  was developed by combining: 1) grid level data on historic data and  normalized changes in temp. as provided in MAGICC/SCENGEN5.3v2 and 2) data  matching 1x1 degree grid cells to countries from the Global Population  Distribution Database 1990&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvAvgAnnTempChg&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://na.unep.net/globalpop/1-degree/description.php&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  was developed by combining: 1) grid level data on historic data and  normalized changes in temp. as provided in MAGICC/SCENGEN5.3v2 and 2) data  matching 1x1 degree grid cells to countries from the Global Population  Distribution Database 1990&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvAvgAnnTempChgNEWLong&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvAvgAnnTempNEWLong&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/25&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvBiodiversityAssistanceDonor&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD  Official Indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvBiodiversityAssistanceRecipient&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelBiogas%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelBiomass%HHtotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelCharcoal%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelClean%HHtotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelCoal%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelCropWaste%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelDung%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelElec%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelKerosene%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelLNG%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelLPG%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelSolid%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvCookingFuelWood%HHTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|WHO  Household Energy Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd;  Taken from national survey data, DHS,WHS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvEcolFootprintBuiltLd&lt;br /&gt;
|Global  Footprint Network  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=download&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvEcolFootprintEnergy&lt;br /&gt;
|Global  Footprint Network  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=download&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvEcolFootprintFood&lt;br /&gt;
|Global  Footprint Network  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=download&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvEcolFootprintTotal&lt;br /&gt;
|Global  Footprint Network  &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=download&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2005/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvFuelClean%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Official  indicator; Coded all &amp;gt;95 values as 97 and all &amp;lt;5 values as 5; JD; AJM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvGlassRec%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  CD 1999&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvHazWasteProd&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  CD 1999&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvKyotoStatus&lt;br /&gt;
|WRI  Earthtrends &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://earthtrends.wri.org/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2002/11/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Converted  categories to codes&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvOrgCountryParticBasel%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/02&lt;br /&gt;
|CW  Additional series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvOrgCountryParticMontreal%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/02&lt;br /&gt;
|CW  Additional series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvOrgCountryParticRotterdam%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/02&lt;br /&gt;
|CW  Additional series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvOrgCountryParticStockholm%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/02&lt;br /&gt;
|CW  Additional series&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPaperRec%&lt;br /&gt;
|UNDP  CD 1999&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPerformInd&lt;br /&gt;
|Yale  and CIESIN; &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.yale.edu/epi/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Pilot  Series were done in 2001 and 2002; see Env Sustainabiltiy Index; see Env  Sustainabiltiy Index&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPM10&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  2014 May BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/06/11&lt;br /&gt;
|DKB:  Peru values chained with CEPLAN data. MR;CN; AMB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPMWDI&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;  JS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPrecipitation&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://na.unep.net/globalpop/1-degree/description.php&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  was developed by combining: 1) grid level data on historic data and  normalized changes in temp. as provided in MAGICC/SCENGEN5.3v2 and 2) data  matching 1x1 degree grid cells to countries from the Global Population  Distribution Database 1990&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPrecipitationChg&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://na.unep.net/globalpop/1-degree/description.php&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2009/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  was developed by combining: 1) grid level data on historic data and  normalized changes in temp. as provided in MAGICC/SCENGEN5.3v2 and 2) data  matching 1x1 degree grid cells to countries from the Global Population  Distribution Database 1990&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPrecipitationChgNEWLong&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/11/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvPrecipitationNEWLong&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/25&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvProtectedEcosystemFreshwater%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvProtectedEcosystemTerrestrial%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvProtectedMarineArea%&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/06/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvProtectedMarineAreas&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,  Official Indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvSolidFuels&lt;br /&gt;
|UNSTATS  and WHO survey data and missing point estimation by DPHE, WHO and UC Berkley  researchers&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/03&lt;br /&gt;
|BH;  PO; DSR wanted to put hard data and missing point estimations (done by WHO  &amp;amp; Berkley) in the same table&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvSolidFuelsImproved&lt;br /&gt;
|Randall  Kuhn prepared it from GACC tables and remove the ones that were implausible  and for tiny countries. Then added regional figures based on the old WHO  data, basically taking the lower of the rural and urban figures.&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/19&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvSustainability&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/indicators/esi/index.html&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2006/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Pilot  Series were done in 2001 and 2002&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvTotalMarineArea&lt;br /&gt;
|UN  SDG Indicators Global Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/08/04&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,  Official Indicator&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvTradStove%HHRural&lt;br /&gt;
|Rehfuess,  Hutton and Tediosi et al. 2007 (WHO)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEnvTradStove%HHUrban&lt;br /&gt;
|Rehfuess,  Hutton and Tediosi et al. 2007 (WHO)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/17&lt;br /&gt;
|sdt,smd&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEqualAccessIndicatorsIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/06/30&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,MM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEqualDistributionofResourcesIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEqualityBeforetheLawandIndividualLibertyIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEqualProtectionIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEthnic1&lt;br /&gt;
|CIA  World Factbook; holes filled (for 2007 column) by Jonathan Moyer various  sources&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/17&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEthnic2&lt;br /&gt;
|CIA  World Factbook; holes filled by Jonathan Moyer various sources&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/12/17&lt;br /&gt;
|JEM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEthnicFracEthinicity&lt;br /&gt;
|Alberto  Alesina, et al. 2002 &amp;quot;Fractionalization&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|ME&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEthnicFracLanguage&lt;br /&gt;
|Alberto  Alesina, et al. 2002 &amp;quot;Fractionalization&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|ME&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEthnicFracReligion&lt;br /&gt;
|Alberto  Alesina, et al. 2002 &amp;quot;Fractionalization&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|ME&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEthnoLinguisticFract&lt;br /&gt;
|Philip  G. Roeder.  2001.   &amp;quot;Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization  (ELF) Indices, Philip G. Roeder.   2001.    &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://weber.ucsd.edu/~proeder/elf.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt; (10/16/02)&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesEUMembership&lt;br /&gt;
|Constructed  from assorted&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExciseTax%GDPimf&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  WoRLD&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/03/30&lt;br /&gt;
|HF;JM  Country concordance created for this series IMF WoRLD. Unable to pull series  as a batch.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExecutiveCorruptionIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/08&lt;br /&gt;
|BG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExecutiveElectoralRegimeIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/08/06&lt;br /&gt;
|AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExMaintRepair%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExManuSer%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherBusiness%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherConstruction%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherCulRecreation%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherFinancial%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherGovGoodSer%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherInsurPen%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherIntellectual%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExOtherTelCom%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/28&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExpandedFreedomofExpressionIndexVDEM&lt;br /&gt;
|Varieties  of Democracy&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/06/30&lt;br /&gt;
|CW,MM&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportGoods&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportGoodSer%&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX,  JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportHighTech%Man&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportImport%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportQuantityIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportServices&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/06/09&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportServices%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;  JS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportsGoodsServices&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/01/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportsGoodsServicesIncome&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/02/01&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportsMerchandise&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2020&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/06/09&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportsMerchandise%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/21&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;  JS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExportValueIndex&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI  BATCH Update 2018&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/05/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN,HF.MD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExTransportFreight%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExTransportOther%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExTransportPass%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExTravelBusiness%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesExTravelPersonal%Ser&lt;br /&gt;
|IMF  Balance of Payments&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/26&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,  CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesFood%GDP&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesFoodInsec%&lt;br /&gt;
|WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/08/31&lt;br /&gt;
|AP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastandHistInfMortMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/01/23&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesConstUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesMedUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastBirthsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastBirthsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastBirthsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastBirthsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastBirthsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastBirthsUNPDMed&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019, WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/01/05&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCapitalStocksCEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|CEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|BH;SGH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCBRUNPDMed&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019, WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/01/05&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDR0MigrationUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRConstFertilityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRConstFertilityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRConstFertUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRConstMortalityUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRConstMortUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRConstMortUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRHighUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRHighVariantUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRHighVariantUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRlowUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRLowVariantUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRLowVariantUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRMediumVariantUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRMediumVariantUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRMomentumUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRMomentumUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRNoChangeUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRNochangeUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|KN,  RG No data for Kosovo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRNochangeUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRreplacementUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCDRUNPDMed&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019, WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/01/05&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCO2IIASARCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|IIASA  RCP Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCO2IIASARCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|IIASA  RCP Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCO2IIASARCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|IIASA  RCP Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastCO2IIASARCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|IIASA  RCP Database&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/15&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastConstFertilityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastConstFertilityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastConstFertilityUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastConstFertilityUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastConstFertilityUNPD2019RevAW  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDeathsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDeathsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDeathsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDeathsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDeathsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  for 5 year periods. Transformed by spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatio0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioConstantFertilityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioConstantFertilityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioConstantMortalityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioConstMortUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioHighUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioHighUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioInstantReplacementUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioInstantReplacementUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioLowUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioLowUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioMediumUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioMediumUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioMomentumUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOld0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOld0MigrationUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstFertUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstMortalityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldHighUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldLowUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/16&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldNoChangeUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2015 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/26&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year periods - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldReplacementUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019 &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP2CER&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP2FT&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Wittgenstein  Centre Data Explorer - &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.oeaw.ac.at/vid/dataexplorer/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|every  5 years - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioZeroMigrationUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/26&lt;br /&gt;
|EB,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastDependencyRatioZeroMigrationUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemalePrimaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/11&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemalePrimaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemalePrimaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleSecondaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleSecondaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleSecondaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleTertiaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleTertiaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleTertiaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleTotalschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleTotalschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentFemaleTotalschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMalePrimaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMalePrimaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMalePrimaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleSecondaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleSecondaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleSecondaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleTertiaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleTertiaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleTertiaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleTotalschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleTotalschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentMaleTotalschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalPrimaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalPrimaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalPrimaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalSecondaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalSecondaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalSecondaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalTertiaryschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalTertiaryschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalTertiaryschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalTotalschooling15-24(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalTotalschooling15-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEdAttainmentTotalTotalschooling25-64(B-L)&lt;br /&gt;
|Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/09/07&lt;br /&gt;
|MM;  JW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEmissionsCO2fromCoal&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Outlook 2014&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  converted million tons of CO2 to million tons of carbon - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEmissionsCO2fromGas&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Outlook 2014&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  converted million tons of CO2 to million tons of carbon - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEmissionsCO2fromOil&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  World Energy Outlook 2014&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Shelby;  converted million tons of CO2 to million tons of carbon - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConCoalEIA2011&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2011&amp;amp;subject=7-IEO2011&amp;amp;table=7-IEO2011&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-0504a_1630&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD,  DAB; Converted to BBOE from quadrillion btu (*0.18); Australia includes New  Zealand; Mexico includes Chile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConCoalEIA2013&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2013&amp;amp;subject=7-IEO2013&amp;amp;table=7-IEO2013&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-d041117&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD,  DAB; Converted to BBOE from quadrillion btu (*0.18); Australia includes New  Zealand; Mexico includes Chile; SMD, DAB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConLiquidEIA2011&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2011&amp;amp;subject=1-IEO2011&amp;amp;table=5-IEO2011&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-0504a_1630&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/25&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted to BBOE from million barrels per day (Mb/d); Australia includes New  Zealand; Mexico includes Chile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConLiquidEIA2013&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2013&amp;amp;subject=5-IEO2013&amp;amp;table=5-IEO2013&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-d041117&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD,  DAB;Converted to BBOE from million barrels per day (Mb/d)(*0.365); Australia  includes New Zealand; Mexico includes Chile; SMD, DAB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConNatGasEIA2011&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2011&amp;amp;subject=1-IEO2011&amp;amp;table=6-IEO2011&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-0504a_1630&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/25&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted to BBOE from trillion cubic feet (tcf); Australia includes New  Zealand; Mexico includes Chile&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConNatGasEIA2013&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2011&amp;amp;subject=1-IEO2011&amp;amp;table=6-IEO2011&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-0504a_1630&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/14&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD,  DAB; Converted to BBOE from trillion cubic feet (divided by 5.35); Australia  includes New Zealand; Mexico includes Chile; DAB, SMD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConNatGasIEA2012&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iea.org/W/bookshop/add.aspx?id=433%20&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  (available through University library for free)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/25&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted to BBOE from million tons oil equivalent (Mtoe)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnConOilIEA2012&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iea.org/W/bookshop/add.aspx?id=433%20&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  (available through University library for free)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/25&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted to BBOE from Million tons oil equivalent (Mtoe)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdCoalIEA2014&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  WEO 2014&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Converted from mtce to bboe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdGasIEA2014&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  WEO 2014&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Converted from bcm to bboe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdLiquidEIA2013&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2013&amp;amp;subject=5-IEO2013&amp;amp;table=38-IEO2013&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-d041117&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/07&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD,  DAB; Converted to BBOE from million barrels per day (Mb/d)(*0.365); Australia  includes New Zealand; Mexico includes Chile; SMD, DAB&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdNatGasEIA2011&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted from trillion cubic feet (tcf)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdNatGasEIA2013&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2013&amp;amp;subject=6-IEO2013&amp;amp;table=45-IEO2013&amp;amp;region=0-0&amp;amp;cases=Reference-d041117&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/08/14&lt;br /&gt;
|SMD,  DAB; Converted from trillion cubic feet   (divided by 5.35); Australia includes New Zealand; Turkey includes  Israel; DAB, SMD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdNatGasIEA2012&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iea.org/W/bookshop/add.aspx?id=433%20&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  (available through University library for free)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted from billion cubic meters (bcm)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdOilEIA2011&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted from million barrels per day (mb/d)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdOilIEA2012&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.iea.org/W/bookshop/add.aspx?id=433%20&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;  (available through University library for free)&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SGH;  converted from million barrels per day (mb/d)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnProdOilIEA2014&lt;br /&gt;
|IEA  WEO 2014&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/30&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Converted from mb/d to bboe&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgMedianRCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/11&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgMedianRCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/11&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgMedianRCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgMedianRCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP10RCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;  GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP10RCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP10RCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP10RCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP90RCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP90RCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP90RCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvTempChgP90RCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/03/13&lt;br /&gt;
|YT;GE&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMeanRCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMeanRCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMeanRCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMeanRCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMedianRCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMedianRCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMedianRCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandMedianRCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP10RCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP10RCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP10RCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP10RCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP90RCP26&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP90RCP45&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP90RCP60&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastEnvWTempLandP90RCP85&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Meteorological Organization Climate Explorer (WMO KNMI)&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/06/06&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertility0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertility0MigrationUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in  ForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2019RevAW provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastfertilityConstUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityConstUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastfertilityHighUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2015ANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityHighUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastFertilityHighUNPD2019RevAW  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastfertilityLowUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityLowUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastFertilityLowUNPD2019RevAW  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastfertilityMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityMedUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastFertilityMedUNPD2019RevAW  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2019RevAW  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/22&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2019RevAW  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityZeroMigrationUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KNAnnualized  value is computed using spread function in IFs;JD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityZeroMigrationUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/17&lt;br /&gt;
|AA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastFertilityZeroMigrationUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastFertilityZeroMigrationUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in  ForecastFertilityZeroMigrationUNPD2019RevAW provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP1 and ForecastPopIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP2 and ForecastPopIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP3 and ForecastPopIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP4 and ForecastPopIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP5 and ForecastPopIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPOECDSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP1 and ForecastPopIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPOECDSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP2 and ForecastPopIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPOECDSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP3 and ForecastPopIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPOECDSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP4 and ForecastPopIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDP2011PCPPPOECDSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 and ForecastPopIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPConstantCEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|CEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|BH;SGH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPCurrentCEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|CEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|BH;SGH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011IIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP1 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011IIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP2 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011IIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP3 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011IIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP4 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011IIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011OECDSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP1 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011OECDSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/07/30&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP2 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011OECDSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP3 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011OECDSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP4 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPP2011OECDSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/10/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years; Converted from 2005 to 2011 Dollars&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPCGrLagendorfBurgess&lt;br /&gt;
|R.  Langendorf &amp;amp; M. Burgess&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/10/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPCLagendorfBurgess&lt;br /&gt;
|R.  Langendorf &amp;amp; M. Burgess&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/10/20&lt;br /&gt;
|SN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPpercapitaCEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|CEPII&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|BH;SGH&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP1 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP2 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP3 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP4 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPIIASASSP5 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPOECDSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP1 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPOECDSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP2 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPOECDSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP3 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPOECDSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP4 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGDPPOECDSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/09&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastGDPPOECDSSP5 provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGiniRaoSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Rao,  ND, M. Gidden, P. Sauer, K. Riahi, &#039;Income inequality projections for the  Shared Socioeconomic Pathways&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/10&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGiniRaoSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Rao,  ND, M. Gidden, P. Sauer, K. Riahi, &#039;Income inequality projections for the  Shared Socioeconomic Pathways&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/10&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGiniRaoSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Rao,  ND, M. Gidden, P. Sauer, K. Riahi, &#039;Income inequality projections for the  Shared Socioeconomic Pathways&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/10&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGiniRaoSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Rao,  ND, M. Gidden, P. Sauer, K. Riahi, &#039;Income inequality projections for the  Shared Socioeconomic Pathways&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/10&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastGiniRaoSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Rao,  ND, M. Gidden, P. Sauer, K. Riahi, &#039;Income inequality projections for the  Shared Socioeconomic Pathways&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/10/10&lt;br /&gt;
|JD;  YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsCardiacBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsCardiacFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsCardiacMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDiabetesBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDiabetesFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDiabetesMales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDiarrheaBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDiarrheaFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDiarrheaMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDigestiveBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDigestiveFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsDigestiveMales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/08&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsHIVBoths&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsHIVFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsHIVMales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/04/03&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsIntIjBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsIntIjFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsIntIjMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMalariaBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMalariaFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMalariaMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMaligntNeoplBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMaligntNeoplFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMaligntNeoplMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMntlHlthsBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMntlHlthsFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsMntlHlthsMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthCDBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthCDFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthCDMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthIntIjBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthIntIjFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthIntIjMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthNCDBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthNCDFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsOthNCDMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRespInfecBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRespInfecFemale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRespInfecMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRespiratoryBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRespiratoryFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRespiratoryMale&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRoadInjBoth&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRoadInjFemales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIHMEDthsRoadInjMales&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/03/18&lt;br /&gt;
|KBN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIncBelow1D90c%PovLowerIHME&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/11&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIncBelow1D90c%PovMeanIHME&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/11&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIncBelow1D90c%PovUpperIHME&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/11&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIncBelow3D20c%PovLowerIHME&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/11&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIncBelow3D20c%PovMeanIHME&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/11&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastIncBelow3D20c%PovUpperIHME&lt;br /&gt;
|IHME&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/11/11&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfantMortalityMediumUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfantMortalityMediumUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastInfantMortalityMediumUNPD2019RevAW&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in  ForecastInfantMortalityMediumUNPD2019RevAW provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfantMortalityMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecAccNationalGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecAccRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecAccUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecGenerationReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecRuralReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraElecUrbanReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraGDP5YrAvgGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraGDP5yravgHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraGDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraGDPPCGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraPopulationGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraPopulationRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraPopulationUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsPavedReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsTotalGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraRoadsUnpavedReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewerAccNationalGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewerAccRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewerAccUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewerConnectRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/29&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewerConnectUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/29&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersRuralReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraSewersUrbanReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephoneLinesGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/29&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraTelephonesReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraUrban%Ghughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/02&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterAccNationalGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterAccRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterAccUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2010/03/19&lt;br /&gt;
|DSR;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterConnectRuralGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/29&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterConnectUrbanGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/02/29&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterRuralReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanAvgAnnNewGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanAvgAnnReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanNewInv%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanO&amp;amp;M%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanO&amp;amp;MGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanReplace%GDPGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/10&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastInfraWaterUrbanReplaceGHughes&lt;br /&gt;
|From  Gordon Hughes based on work for Hughes, Gordon, Paul Chinowsky, and Ken  Strzepek. 2009. “The Costs of Adapting to Climate Change for Infrastructure”.  Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Discussion Paper no. 2. World Bank&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/03/17&lt;br /&gt;
|MJE;CN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyBothSexesIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/25&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyBothSexesIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyBothSexesIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyBothSexesIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyBothSexesIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyFemalesIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyFemalesIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyFemalesIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyFemalesIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyFemalesIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyMalesIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyMalesIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyMalesIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyMalesIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpectancyMalesIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Data  provided by Samir KC of IIASA&lt;br /&gt;
|2016/03/24&lt;br /&gt;
|Originally  at 5 year intervals. Transformed by interpolating.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/24&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/24&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|Every  5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/24&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ;  Multiplied original data by 5 then used Annualize/Spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/02&lt;br /&gt;
|JD,KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with interpolate function in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifExpectFemaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifExpectFemaleUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|1955  assigned average of 1950-1955 and 1955-1960, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifExpectMaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifExpectMaleUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/01/01&lt;br /&gt;
|1955  assigned average of 1950-1955 and 1955-1960, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifExpectMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/05/01&lt;br /&gt;
|2010  assigned average of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastLifExpectUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/26&lt;br /&gt;
|KN:1955  assigned average of 1950-1955 and 1955-1960, and so on&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantFlowIn&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD,  UNHCR, Guy Abel, and Pardee estimates&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantFlowOut&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD,  UNHCR, Guy Abel, and Pardee estimates&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantRateIn&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD,  UNHCR, Guy Abel, and Pardee estimates&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantRateOut&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD,  UNHCR, Guy Abel, and Pardee estimates&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsINIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsINIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsINIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsINIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsINIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsOUTIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsOUTIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsOUTIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsOUTIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantsOUTIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRANTSOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantStockIn&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD,  UNHCR, Guy Abel, and Pardee estimates&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrantStockOut&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD,  UNHCR, Guy Abel, and Pardee estimates&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/02/22&lt;br /&gt;
|CLP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateINIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateINIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateINIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateINIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateINIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEIN Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateOUTIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateOUTIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateOUTIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateOUTIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationRateOUTIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|Built  from MIGRATEOUT Dyadic using NET data tables&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/11&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS  Normalizing to old NET migration&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/05&lt;br /&gt;
|KN&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMigrationUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|AW.  Annualized with spread function in IFs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP1  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP2  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP3  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP4  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove15YRsIIASASSP5  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP1  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP12018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP2  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP22018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP3  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP32018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP4  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSBothSexesAbove25YRsIIASASSP5  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP1  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP2  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP3  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP4  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP5  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP1  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP12018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP2  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP22018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP3  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP32018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP4  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSFemaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP5  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP1  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP2  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP3  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP4  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove15YRsIIASASSP5  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP1  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP12018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP2  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP22018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP3  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP32018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/15&lt;br /&gt;
|brm&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP4  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastMYSMaleAbove25YRsIIASASSP5  provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrantsUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/28&lt;br /&gt;
|Annualized  using Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP1Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by spreading out data in ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP1Orig  provided every 5 years and appending historic data from  ForecastNetMigrationUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP2Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by spreading out data in ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP2Orig  provided every 5 years and appending historic data from  ForecastNetMigrationUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP3Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by spreading out data in ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP3Orig  provided every 5 years and appending historic data from  ForecastNetMigrationUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP4Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by spreading out data in ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP4Orig  provided every 5 years and appending historic data from  ForecastNetMigrationUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP5Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by spreading out data in ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP5Orig  provided every 5 years and appending historic data from  ForecastNetMigrationUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/10/14&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year sums, 1950-54, . . . 2095-2099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationMedUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationMedUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationMergedUNPDAbel&lt;br /&gt;
|Abel,UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP1Orig and ForecastPopIIASASSP1Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by dividing ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP1Orig by  ForecastPopIIASASSP1Orig and multiplying by 100 and appending historic data  from ForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP2Orig and ForecastPopIIASASSP2Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by dividing ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP2Orig by  ForecastPopIIASASSP2Orig and multiplying by 100 and appending historic data  from ForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP3Orig and ForecastPopIIASASSP3Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by dividing ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP3Orig by  ForecastPopIIASASSP3Orig and multiplying by 100 and appending historic data  from ForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP4Orig and ForecastPopIIASASSP4Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by dividing ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP4Orig by  ForecastPopIIASASSP4Orig and multiplying by 100 and appending historic data  from ForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP5Orig and ForecastPopIIASASSP5Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by dividing ForecastNetMigrationIIASASSP5Orig by  ForecastPopIIASASSP5Orig and multiplying by 100 and appending historic data  from ForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/10/14&lt;br /&gt;
|5  year averages, 1950-54, . . . , 2095-2099&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateMedUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateMedUNPD2019RevAnn&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateMergedUNPDAbel&lt;br /&gt;
|Abel,UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|2018/03/01&lt;br /&gt;
|JRS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/11/05&lt;br /&gt;
|Annualized  using Annualize/Spread function in IFs - SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateUNPDPreRev2012&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastNetMigrationUNPDPreRev2012 and ForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by dividing ForecastNetMigrationUNPDPreRev2012 by  ForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2012Rev and multiplying by 100&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/05/07&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastNetMigrationUNPDPreRev2012&lt;br /&gt;
|See  PopMigrants&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/08&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by spreading out data in PopMigrants provided every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioConstFertUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioConstFertUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioConstMortUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioConstMortUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioHighUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioHighUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioInstRepUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioInstRepUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioLowUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioLowUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioMediumUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioMediumUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioZeroMigrationUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/10/06&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastOldageDependencyRatioZeroMigrationUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|MO,SK,AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexes0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexes0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstFertilityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstFertilityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesIIASASSP12018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesIIASASSP22018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesIIASASSP32018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesInstantRepUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesInstantRepUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/08/13&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesZeroMigrationUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopBothSexesZeroMigrationUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopConstantFemaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopConstantMaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopConstantTotalUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemale0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleIIASASSP12018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleIIASASSP22018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleIIASASSP32018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopFemaleReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopHighFemaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopHighMaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopHighTotalUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopIIASASSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopIIASASSP1Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopIIASASSP1Orig provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopIIASASSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopIIASASSP2Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopIIASASSP2Orig provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopIIASASSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopIIASASSP3Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopIIASASSP3Orig provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopIIASASSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopIIASASSP4Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopIIASASSP4Orig provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopIIASASSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopIIASASSP5Orig&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/11/13&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopIIASASSP5Orig provided every 5  years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopLowFemaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopLowMaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopLowTotalUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMale0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleIIASASSP12018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleIIASASSP22018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleIIASASSP32018REV&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://dataexplorer.wittgensteincentre.org/wcde-v2/&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2019/11/22&lt;br /&gt;
|YX&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMaleReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/07/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMediumFemaleUNPDe&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMediumMaleUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopMediumTotalUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesConstUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesMediumUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesMediumUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesMedUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|2013/06/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2017Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2017 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2017/12/27&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2019Rev&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  World Population Prospects 2019 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2020/04/20&lt;br /&gt;
|JW,RG,  AW&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopulationUNPDMed&lt;br /&gt;
|UNPD  WPP 2019, WDI&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/01/05&lt;br /&gt;
|YX;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrban%UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|World  Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision&lt;br /&gt;
|2015/09/25&lt;br /&gt;
|SJ&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP1 provided  every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP2 provided  every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP3 provided  every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP4&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP4 provided  every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|See  ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP5&lt;br /&gt;
|2014/09/16&lt;br /&gt;
|Transformed  data table by interpolating data in ForecastPopUrbanShrNCARSSP5 provided  every 5 years&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPopUrbanUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|United  Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division  (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, CD-ROM Edition.&lt;br /&gt;
|2012/10/01&lt;br /&gt;
|AS&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPovRate1D90WPCSSP1&lt;br /&gt;
|Crespo-Cuaresma  et al. (2018)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/10/14&lt;br /&gt;
|CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPovRate1D90WPCSSP2&lt;br /&gt;
|Crespo-Cuaresma  et al. (2018)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/10/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CP&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|SeriesForecastPovRate1D90WPCSSP3&lt;br /&gt;
|Crespo-Cuaresma  et al. (2018)&lt;br /&gt;
|2021/10/15&lt;br /&gt;
|CP&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|Series Name&lt;br /&gt;
|Source&lt;br /&gt;
|Last IFs Update&lt;br /&gt;
|Pulled By (Initials)&lt;br /&gt;
|Description&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1&lt;br /&gt;
|Example Series&lt;br /&gt;
|[[FAOSTAT]]&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|TZ&lt;br /&gt;
|The Example Series is pulled from [[FAOSTAT]] and is typically used to do stuff&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2&lt;br /&gt;
|Example 2 Series&lt;br /&gt;
|[[World Bank]]&lt;br /&gt;
|2022/07/27&lt;br /&gt;
|TZ&lt;br /&gt;
|Link to [https://data.worldbank.org/ external source] in Master Sheet&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|3&lt;br /&gt;
|Example Formula&lt;br /&gt;
|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|N/A&lt;br /&gt;
|This is showcasing a formula insert &lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
{| cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ &#039;&#039;&#039;DataDict&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Table&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Source&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Last IFs Update&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pulled By (Initials)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;top&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ExampleSeries&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FAO [insert link]&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font style=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt;&amp;quot; face=&amp;quot;calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;2015/04/10&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| TZ&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=VideoTest&amp;diff=9384</id>
		<title>VideoTest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=VideoTest&amp;diff=9384"/>
		<updated>2021-03-15T19:50:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== Examples ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== YouTube ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;float:right;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Code:&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|pSsYTj9kCHE|200|right}}&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#ev:youtube|pSsYTj9kCHE|200|right}} Code:&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSsYTj9kCHE}}&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSsYTj9kCHE}}&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;float:right;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Code: &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|pSsYTj9kCHE||right}}&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#ev:youtube|pSsYTj9kCHE||right}} Code:&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|pSsYTj9kCHE}}&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{{#ev:youtube|pSsYTj9kCHE}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=VideoTest&amp;diff=9383</id>
		<title>VideoTest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=VideoTest&amp;diff=9383"/>
		<updated>2021-03-15T19:49:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAORm-8b1Eg}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=VideoTest&amp;diff=9382</id>
		<title>VideoTest</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=VideoTest&amp;diff=9382"/>
		<updated>2021-03-15T19:49:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: Created page with &amp;quot;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAORm-8b1Eg}}&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAORm-8b1Eg}}&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Talk:Test&amp;diff=9377</id>
		<title>Talk:Test</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Talk:Test&amp;diff=9377"/>
		<updated>2020-12-02T17:50:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: 1st comment, testing discussion board&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Testing the discussion board.&amp;amp;nbsp;--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] ([[User talk:Wikiadmin|talk]]) 17:50, 2 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Wikiadmin|Wikiadmin]] ([[User talk:Wikiadmin|talk]]) 17:50, 2 December 2020 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=SDG_Dashboard&amp;diff=9289</id>
		<title>SDG Dashboard</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=SDG_Dashboard&amp;diff=9289"/>
		<updated>2020-06-10T17:52:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: Reverted edits by Wikiadmin (talk) to last revision by AlannaMarkle&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Purpose =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In September 2015, the global community adopted the [https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)] to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. Each of the 17 goals contains specific targets (169 in all), which are aligned with indicators (232 in all) to track progress towards achieving the 17 SDGs. &amp;amp;nbsp;Reaching the global goals requires an ability to forecast these indicators, an understanding of how the indicators interact with each other and global trends, and an ability to explore the trade-offs and complementarities of interventions made in the pursuit of the targets. In an effort to build these capacities, the Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures, in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Bureau for Policy Programme Support, has created an interactive dashboard with two displays to explore progress towards the SDGs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The [[International_Futures_(IFs)|International Futures]]&amp;amp;nbsp;(IFs) system forecasts hundreds of variables that represent 14 goals, 45 targets, and 50 indicators of the SDGs. In some cases, multiple IFs variables match with the same indicator, so there are 94 variables we forecast in IFs that align with SDG indicators. Some targets have numerical values in the IFs dashboard that reflect the language of the indicator with which is associated (e.g. “eradicate extreme poverty”). Users of the system can also specify or change target values for all 94 variables. In addition, the dashboard includes 204 historical data series from the UN Statistics Division’s (UNSD) Global SDG Indicators Database. These series were added to IFs for Tier 1 indicators[[#_ftn1|[1]]] for which there were no matching series in IFs (see [[SDG_data|documentation here]]). Neither numerical targets nor forecasts are currently available for these “history only” variables.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= IFs Platform =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Frederick S. Pardee Center for International Futures is a non-profit, academic research center within the Josef Korbel School of [[File:IFs Module Flow Chart.png|frame|right|Figure 1: Visual representation of the International Futures (IFs) sub-modules and some of the ways they interact.]]International Studies at the University of Denver, and home to the International Futures (IFs) forecasting system. IFs is a long-term, global, highly-integrated collection of models that allows users to explore and understand our collective future. The system forecasts development patterns for a wide array of indicators ranging from health and education to economics and international interactions. Below is a block diagram illustrating the different models explicitly represented in IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs uses our best understanding of global systems, a database of over 4,000 time-series, and relationships between variables that are found to be both statistically significant and conceptually sound to produce forecasts for 186 countries to the year 2100. Of the hundreds of variables forecast in the model, 94 align with indicators identified in the SDGs. Using the 94 indicators that align with variables in the model, we have built an interactive dashboard that allows users to see how these variables could change over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many of the variables that we forecast in IFs align well with the SDG indicators. However, some variables are similar but slightly different either in terms of the measurements or their precise definitions, and in some cases multiple IFs variables can represent the same indicator. In the attached annex (Annex 1), a complete table of the SDG indicators is matched with the variables we forecast in IFs along with the data we use to initialize these variables. Where there is some disagreement between the indicator and the forecast variable, we’ve made notes describing the difficulty and the method used to address it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= SDG Overview Table =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Main Display ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within the International Futures system, we developed a display to track a country or region’s progress towards achieving all the SDG targets that we forecast. The display can be accessed by clicking the “Display” tab on the home screen of the model, choosing the “Specialized Displays for Issues” sub-option, and then selecting the “SDG Overview Table”. Below is an image of the current (IFs version 7.31) dashboard.[[File:SDG Overview Main.png|frame|right|Figure 2: Screenshot of the home screen of the Sustainable Development Goals Set of the International Futures (IFs) system. Data and forecast shown for Mexico in the Base Case.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the top of the dashboard, the user can select a country to view. The user can also vary the year to use for the different SDG targets. The default target year is 2030, as that is the target year for most SDG targets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The user may view both a “reference scenario” and an “intervention scenario”. The default setting is to have the Base Case (IFsBase.run) as the reference scenario. The Base Case, or the “current path” is a future where current policies hold and there are no major shocks to the system. The default setting for the intervention scenario is the working file, which is identical to the Base Case unless an alternative scenario is selected. The user may create and run different scenarios (see scenario analysis capability section below) and view changes relative to the Base Case using this dashboard.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Each of the SDG indicators that we forecast in the IFs system is listed on the left side of the dashboard. They are grouped according to their associated goal. The next column is the 2015 value, which is either taken from data, or estimated in the model. The next column, “reference scenario 2030” shows the value in 2030 for the scenario selected as the reference scenario. The third numerical column, “intervention scenario 2030” shows the value in 2030 for the scenario selected as the intervention scenario. The final column, “target value”, shows the target value identified from the SDGs. Where the target is ambiguous, we have not included an explicit target value (see annex 1: SDG indicator classification, for details on each target), but the model user has the option to input a custom target.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Targets are displayed as the value that the variable would need to be for that country to achieve the SDG for the associated indicator. The UN uses two types of target for the SDGs, relative and absolute targets. While absolute targets are universal[[#_ftn2|[2]]], relative targets are country-specific, calling for an increase or decrease in the value of the indicator by a set amount or proportion relative to the baseline value for that country. For example, halving the number of injuries and deaths from traffic accidents between 2015 and 2030. In the SDG Table, the value displayed for absolute targets can also vary. If the country has already achieved the target, the most recent value for that country is displayed in the target column rather than the target value. It is possible to see whether a target is absolute or relative and the target’s set value by clicking on the number associated with the target. This will open a dialogue box that displays the target value and indicates whether it is relative or absolute and which allows the user to manipulate the target.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Other Features ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Custom Targets ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The SDG Table includes a custom target feature because some of the SDGs targets are ambiguous and because global goals can be interpreted differently at the country level. In the table, the user can also change the target value or add in a target value where none exists for any of the variables listed on the form. By selecting the target value, an option appears to “edit target”. By choosing this option, the user will be shown a form where they can adjust the target value. The figure below shows the form that will appear and allow the user to adjust the target value.[[File:SDG Setting Target.png|frame|right|Figure 3: Screenshot of form to edit SDG target for selected indicator.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the desired target is an absolute number (poverty less than 5 percent, for example) then the correct option to use is the “absolute target” radial button. Then the user can select a target value and a target year to change the target. If the target is a relative target (halve the portion of the population living in poverty) then the correct option to use is the “relative target” radial button. Then the user can select the target value (a portion of the 2015 value of the indicator) and the target year. The valence toggle gives the user the option to change the desired direction of the indicator – if the valence indicator is checked, then the higher the value of the indicator, the closer to the target.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Use Groups ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At the top of the screen, the user has the ability to select groups rather than individual countries. The Use Groups selection is a toggle that switches the country dropdown menu to a group dropdown menu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Save Table ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The user also has the ability to “save table” as a CSV file. By selecting any of the numeric values in the first 3 numeric columns (“2015”, “Reference Scenario 2030”, and “Intervention Scenario 2030”) the user will be able to view that data over time. When this option is selected, a table will appear with all the values until 2030.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Link to SDG Graph Dashboard ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When any of the indicators are selected from the first column, an option will appear to “display graph”. This will bring the user to the second SDG dashboard, the SDG graph, described below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== History Only Indicators ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The SDG Table has the option of displaying 204 variables for which forecasts are not currently available and that were added to the IFs database specifically for the SDG dashboard. These “history only” series are from the UNSD’s Global SDG Indicators Database, and are the official historical data the UN provides to measure each indicator (see [[SDG_data|documentation here]]). To view these historical series, click “Use History Only Indicators” on the SDG Overview Table’s toolbar. Because these variables are not forecast in IFs, only two columns of data appear, “Most Recent” and “Target Value.” Most Recent displays the most recent data point that is available in that series for the country selected. Target Value allows the user to set a target in the same manner described above. These series are included for the user’s reference only, and are not affected by scenarios.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= SDG Graph =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Main Display ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Within the International Futures System, we developed a second display to track the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The display can be accessed by clicking the “Display” option on the home screen of the model, then choosing the “Specialized Displays for Issues” sub-option, and then the “Sustainable Development Goals” display. Or it can be accessed from within the SDG Table by clicking on any Indicator line’s text and selecting the pop-up option that says “Display Graph”.&amp;amp;nbsp; Figure 4 is an image of the current dashboard.[[File:SDG Graph dash.png|frame|right|Figure 4: Screenshot of the home screen of the SDG form in the International Futures (IFs) model. Display of SDG goal 1, target 1.1, indicator 1.1.1a for Kenya.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The user can choose from the 17 SDG &#039;&#039;&#039;goals&#039;&#039;&#039; in the top-left drop-down list. Once the goal is selected, the user can choose from different&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;targets&#039;&#039;&#039; in the next drop-down list (to the right of the goal list). Once the target is selected, the user can choose from a selection of &#039;&#039;&#039;indicators &#039;&#039;&#039;in the next drop-down list (to the right of the target list)—some SDG indicators link to multiple variables in IFs with letters (a, b, c, etc.) to identify each variable. The final drop-down list on the right allows the user to select the &#039;&#039;&#039;geographic area&#039;&#039;&#039; to display. The default setting shows all 186 countries of the IFs model as the geographic regions, but the use can change the settings to use groupings of countries or decomposed regions by clicking “Use Groups” at the top of the form.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;For any selected indicator/variable, 3 time-series are shown on the display: History, SDG Goal, and the scenario line (defaulted to be the IFs “Base Case”). The “history” plot shows historical data for the selected indicator. Data points appear as blue dots connected with a solid blue line. The first value of the forecast (2015) is also represented by a blue dot; however, the line connecting historical data and the initial 2015 value is a dashed line, rather than a solid line. This is because the 2015 value is an initialization and is not necessarily a data value.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Goal Path displays a straight line from the 2015 value to the 2030 target value. The scenario line (defaulted to “IFsBase”, or the Base Case) shows the forecast values for the selected scenario. The user may change the scenario using the scenario list in the bottom left corner of the display.[[File:SDG Graph dash 2.png|frame|right|500x300px|Figure 5: Poverty reduction in Kenya in 2 different scenarios.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The bottom left corner of the form gives the user the option to view multiple scenarios simultaneously. Figure 5 shows the same indicator as displayed in Figure 4, but with 2 scenarios selected: the Base Case, and a “Security First” scenario. In the Security First scenario, Kenya is even further away from achieving the SDG than in the Base Case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The box to the right of the scenario selection display is a list of geographic areas (countries or country groups). This gives the user the ability to view the same indicator for multiple geographic regions simultaneously. Figure 6 shows the same indicator and scenario (Base Case) for 6 different African countries.[[File:SDG Graph dash 3.png|frame|right|Figure 6: Poverty forecasts for six different African countries.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Other Features ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Continue ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This closes the display and allos the user to continue back to the home screen to explore other displays or sectors of development.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== File ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option allows the user to either export (save) the graph currently displayed, or print the graph. Once “export graph” is selected, the user may choose which file type to export (EMF, WMF, BMP, JPG, PNG, text/data). The user may also choose the size of the file to export.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Global Summary ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option allows the user to select “Global Map” which displays the selected indicator on a global map. The map is colored based on the selected indicator, with higher values represented by darker colors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Causality ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option allows the user to view the variables which most directly impact the selected indicator. Once “causality” is selected, a “block diagram” will appear with the selected indicator in the middle. The variables to the left of the selected indicator represent variables in IFs that directly impact the indicator. The variables to the right of the indicator represent variables which are directly impacted by the indicator. By double-clicking on any of the blocks, the user can “follow” the chain of causality from one variable to the next to better understand the way different variables affect each other in the IFs system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From this screen, the user can save the block diagrams in the “display” drop down options on the toolbar. The user may also show definitions of the variables by choosing “Variables” from the toolbar and then selecting “Show Definitions”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Graphics ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option allows the user to make cosmetic changes to the display. The user can choose to show the graph’s title, make the graph monochrome (black and white) and make other customized changes. From the “Customize” display, the user can change all aspects of the graph (the font size, the axis labels, the line types, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Use Groups ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option is a toggle that changes the display to show groups of countries rather than individual countries. The user may select any group already defined in the model. The user may also create their own group using the “Manage Groups/Countries/Regions” option from the “Extended Features” tab from the home screen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Display Options ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option allows the user to change the time horizon for the graph by changing either the first year or the latest year to display. The latest year by default is 2030 and the earliest year by default is 1990. By increasing the latest year, the user can see how the forecast changes past 2030. By decreasing the earliest year, the user can see data (where available) for years before 1990.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== About SDGs ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This option allows the user to view a list of all the SDGs, more information of the display itself, or to show the selected indicator in the “Self-Managed Display” of the model. The Self-Managed Display provides the most functionality regarding forecasted variables in the model.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Scenario Analysis Capability =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs system allows users to create and compare their own scenarios. From the home screen, the user can select the “Scenario Analysis” tab at the top of the screen. The first option, “Quick Scenario Analysis with Tree” will open a form that allows the user to create their own scenario by adjusting different parameters in the model. Below is a brief description of how to create 3 different scenario files.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contraception Use Increase Scenario ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 1:&#039;&#039;&#039; Find “contrusm” (contraception use multiplier) by clicking the “parameter search” button at the top of the form and searching for “contraception”. Once found in this screen, select “load”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 2:&#039;&#039;&#039; Select “Using Countries” at the top of the form. The default setting is to use countries as the unit of analysis, but for this example we want to adjust contraception use for the world. Once selected, the user will be given a list of groups. Scroll down to “world” and click the word.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 3:&#039;&#039;&#039; Adjust contrusm to 2 by 2030. Select “fully customize” when this parameter is selected. Change the “desired value” to 2, and the years to repeat or interpolate to 15. Then select “interpolate”. Close the immediate window. A notification will appear that reads, “Your customized changes have been added to the scenario tree.” Select “OK”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 4:&#039;&#039;&#039; Save scenario file. Select “Scenario Files” from the top menu, then select “Name and save”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 5:&#039;&#039;&#039; Run scenario. Select “Run Scenario” from the top menu. A notification will appear that reads, “Do you with to process the parameters in the tree and proceed to running the scenario?”. Select “yes”. Select your time horizon and click “Start run.” For the purposes of this demonstration, choose 2030 as the time horizon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 6:&#039;&#039;&#039; Save run file. Once the scenario is run, click “Scenario Analysis,” and then select the option File Management &amp;gt; SAVE working file as… Save the working file as “Contraception”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Transfers Increase Scenario ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The process for creating, saving, and running the transfers scenario is identical to the process described above, except that you will need to adjust different parameters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 1:&#039;&#039;&#039; Enter the scenario tree by selecting Scenario Analysis &amp;gt; Quick Scenario Analysis with Tree from the home screen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 2:&#039;&#039;&#039; Clear the tree of all adjustments previously made to create the contraception scenario (Scenario files &amp;gt; Clear tree).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 3:&#039;&#039;&#039; Find “govhhtrnpenm” (government to household pension transfers, multiplier) by clicking the “parameter search” button at the top of the form and searching for “transfers”. Once found in this screen, select “load”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 4:&#039;&#039;&#039; Select “Using Countries” at the top of the form. The default setting is to use countries as the unit of analysis, but for this example we want to adjust contraception use for the world. Once selected, the user will be given a list of groups. Scroll down to “world” and click the word.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 5:&#039;&#039;&#039; Adjust govhhtrnpenm to 5 by 2030. Select “fully customize” when this parameter is selected. Change the “desired value” to 5, and the years to repeat or interpolate to 15. Then select “interpolate”. Close the immediate window. A notification will appear that reads, “Your customized changes have been added to the scenario tree.” Select “OK”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 6:&#039;&#039;&#039; Repeat steps 1 – 3 for the parameter “govhhtrnwelm” – government to household welfare (all non-pension) transfers, multiplier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 7:&#039;&#039;&#039; Save scenario file. Select “Scenario Files” from the top menu, then select “Name and save”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 8:&#039;&#039;&#039; Run scenario. Select “Run Scenario” from the top menu. A notification will appear that reads, “Do you with to process the parameters in the tree and proceed to running the scenario?”. Select “yes”. Select your time horizon and click “Start run.” For the purposes of this demonstration, choose 2030 as the time horizon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 9:&#039;&#039;&#039; Save run file. Once the scenario is run, click “Scenario Analysis,” and then select the option File Management &amp;gt; SAVE working file as… Save the working file as “Transfers”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Contraception and Transfers Scenario ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 1:&#039;&#039;&#039; Enter the scenario tree by selecting Scenario Analysis &amp;gt; Quick Scenario Analysis with Tree from the home screen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 2:&#039;&#039;&#039; Clear the tree of all adjustments previously made to create the contraception scenario (Scenario files &amp;gt; Clear tree).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 3:&#039;&#039;&#039; Load both the contraception scenario and the transfers scenario. Click “Add Scenario Components”. This will bring you to the list of saved scenarios. Find the contraception scenario previously made and select “load”. Do the same thing for the transfers scenario.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 4:&#039;&#039;&#039; Save scenario file. Select “Scenario Files” from the top menu, then select “Name and save”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 5:&#039;&#039;&#039; Run scenario. Select “Run Scenario” from the top menu. A notification will appear that reads, “Do you with to process the parameters in the tree and proceed to running the scenario?”. Select “yes”. Select your time horizon and click “Start run.” For the purposes of this demonstration, choose 2030 as the time horizon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Step 6:&#039;&#039;&#039; Save run file. Once the scenario is run, click “Scenario Analysis,” and then select the option File Management &amp;gt; SAVE working file as… Save the working file as “ContraceptionAndTransfers”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Comparing Scenarios Using the SDG Forms ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once all of these scenarios have been run and saved, they are visible from the SDG forms. The user can compare progress towards [[File:SDG Graph dash 4.png|frame|right|Figure 7: Levels of extreme poverty in Kenya in the Base Case, the Contraception scenario, the Transfers scenario, and the ContraceptionAndTransfers scenario.]]achieving different SDGs across any of these scenarios. The screenshot below shows progress towards achieving SDG target 1.1 for Kenya in the 3 different scenarios created above as well as the Base Case. In the Base Case, the portion of the Kenyan population living in extreme poverty (less than $1.90 in 2011 USD) decreases from 29 to 27 percent from 2015 to 2030. In the contraception scenario, extreme poverty is decreased to below 24 percent. In the transfers scenario, extreme poverty is decreased to below 22 percent. In the combined scenario (both contraception and transfers) extreme poverty is reduced to just over 19 percent. The transfers scenario has a bigger impact, and the effects of the intervention are more immediate, but the trend of the lines suggest that the contraception scenario will have a larger impact past 2030 than the transfers scenario.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The user can view the effects of these interventions on any indicator for any country or region.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Annex 1: SDG indicator classifications aligned with IFs variables =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[Note: this table is incomplete. We are currently working on finalizing this table to match the SDG form.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;614&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:614px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Tier Classification Sheet (as of 21 December 2016)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:56px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Target&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:56px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Indicator&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:56px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Variable in IFs&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:56px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Data used for IFs forecast&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:56px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Included as a target in form (1 = yes, 0 = no)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:529px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INCOMELT125LN2005: Percentage of population below $1.25 (2005$ PPP) per day, log-normal formulation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesIncBelow1D25c%WDI2011: Population below poverty line of $1.25 per day PPP (2005); World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INCOMELT190LN: Percentage of population below $1.90 (2011$ PPP) per day, log-normal formulation;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesIncBelow1D90c%WDI: Population below poverty line of $1.90 per day PPP (2011); World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INCOMELT200LN2005: Percentage of population below $2.00 (2005$ PPP) per day, log-normal formulation;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesIncBelow2Dollar%WDI2011: Population below poverty line of $2 per day PPP (2005); World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INCOMELT310LN: Percentage of population below $3.10 (2011$ PPP) per day, log-normal formulation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesIncBelow3D10c%WDI: Population below poverty line of $3.10 per day PPP (2011); World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and by type of tenure&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;100,000 people&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP)&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.5.3 Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.a.1 Proportion of resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programmes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
GOVHHTRN: Transfers as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of total government expenditures&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesGovSSWelBen%Exp: Government Social Security and welfare expenditures as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of total expenditures&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Transfers as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Transfers in billion USD&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:31px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:196px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:196px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
GDS: Percentage of total government spending on essential services (education, health)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:196px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesGovtHL%GDP: Health expenditures as percent of GDP, public. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators. SeriesGovtEdPub%GDP: Educational expenditures (public) as percent of GDP. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:196px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Government spending on essential services (education and health) as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Government spending on essential services (education and health) in billion USD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1.b.1 Proportion of government recurrent and capital spending to sectors that disproportionately benefit women, the poor and vulnerable groups&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
MALNPOPP: Undernourishment as a percent of total population; undernourished population (in millions).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesMalnPop%WB: Percentage of population malnourished. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators, original source is FAO&#039;s State of Food Insecurity in the World Report&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age &amp;lt;-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
HLSTUNT: prevalence of stunting (height for age &amp;lt; 2 standard deviations) among total population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
HLSTUNTWORK: prevalence of stunting (height for age &amp;lt; 2 SD) in working age population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height &amp;gt;+2 or &amp;lt;-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
MALNCHP: Malnourished children (under 5) as a percent of children under 5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesMalnChil%WeightWB: Percentage of children under 5 malnourished based on weight; US benchmark. World Banks&#039; World Development Indicators, originally from WHO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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MALNCHIL: Malnourished children (under 5)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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MALNCHPSAM: Children who suffer from severe acute malnourishment (SAM) as a percent of under 5 population.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesSevereWasting: Percentage of children aged 0-59 months who are below minus three standard deviations from median weight-for-height of the WHO Child Growth Standards. From UNICEF/WHO/WBG&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.3.1 Volume of production per labour unit by classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.3.2 Average income of small-scale food producers, by sex and indigenous status&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable agriculture&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
LD: Percentage of land dedicated to crop&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesLandCrop: arable and peranent cropland is comprised of both arable and permanent cropland in a given country for each year. FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
LD: Percentage of land dedicated to grazing&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesLandGrazing: Grazing land. FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long-term conservation facilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk, not-at-risk or at unknown level of risk of extinction&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.a.2 Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.b.1 Producer Support Estimate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.b.2 Agricultural export subsidies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.2.1 Under-five mortality rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INFMOR: Infant mortality rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesInfMortMedUNPD: Medium-fertility variant mortality rate by country, every five years 1955-2010 (infant deaths per 1,000 live births). UNPD World Population Prospects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;other communicable diseases&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
HIVCASES&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesHealthUNAIDSTotalHIVMidEst: Mid-range estimate of number of total population with HIV. UNAIDS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
AIDS death rate as a percent of the population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesHealthUNAIDSDeathsMidEst: Mid-range estimate of number of deaths from AIDS. UNAIDS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 1,000 population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Malaria death rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.3.5 Number of people requiring&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;interventions against neglected tropical diseases&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;8&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.4&amp;amp;nbsp; By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;7&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Cardiovascular disease death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Cancer death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Digestive disease death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Respiratory disease death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Diabetes death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Mental health death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Other non-communicable disease death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.5.1 Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to the national context as alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Road traffic death rate per thousand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
CONTRUSE: Contraception use as a percent of fertile women&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesPopContrUse%WDI: prevalence of contraceptive use. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:330px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:330px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases and service capacity and access, among the general and the most disadvantaged population)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:330px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:330px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:330px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.8.2 Number of people covered by health insurance or a public health system per&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;1,000 population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;15 years and older&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
HLSMOKING: Smoking rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesHealthSmokingMales%SI and SeriesHealthSmokingFemales%SI: smoking rate estimates from WHO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non‑communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.b.1 Proportion of the population with access to affordable medicines and vaccines on a sustainable basis&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.b.2 Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health sectors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
3.d.1&amp;amp;nbsp; International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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4.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;(ii) mathematics, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
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EDPRIENRN: Primary education net enrollment rate&lt;br /&gt;
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All of our education enrollment, completion, and graduation rates come from UNESCO-UIS.&lt;br /&gt;
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EDPRIENRG: Primary education gross enrollment rate&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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ENDPRICR: Primary education gross completion rate&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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EDSECLOWENRG: Lower secondary education gross enrollment rate&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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EDSECLOWRGRATE: Lower secondary education graduation rate&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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EDSECUPPRENRG: Upper secondary education gross enrollment rate&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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ENSECUPPRGRATE: Upper secondary education graduation rate&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education&lt;br /&gt;
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4.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;in health, learning and psychosocial well- being, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
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4.2.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex&lt;br /&gt;
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4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university&lt;br /&gt;
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4.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Participation rate of youth and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
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EDSECLOWRVOC: Vocation as a percent of enrollment in all programs for lower secondary education&lt;br /&gt;
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All of our education enrollment, completion, and graduation rates come from UNESCO-UIS.&lt;br /&gt;
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4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship&lt;br /&gt;
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4.4.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill&lt;br /&gt;
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EDSECUPPRVOC: Vocation as a percent of enrollment in all programs for upper secondary education&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations&lt;br /&gt;
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4.5.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected,&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated&lt;br /&gt;
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Primary education net enrollment rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Primary education gross enrollment rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Primary education enrollment rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Primary education gross completion rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Lower secondary education gross enrollment rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Lower secondary education graduation rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Upper secondary education gross enrollment rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Upper secondary education graduation rate parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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Years of education obtained by population 15+ parity index (female/male)&lt;br /&gt;
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Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
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4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy&lt;br /&gt;
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4.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Percentage of population in a given age group achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
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4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development&lt;br /&gt;
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4.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development, including gender equality and human rights, are mainstreamed at all levels in: (a) national education policies, (b) curricula, (c) teacher education and (d) student assessment&lt;br /&gt;
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4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all&lt;br /&gt;
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4.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)&lt;br /&gt;
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4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries&lt;br /&gt;
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4.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships by sector and type of study&lt;br /&gt;
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4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:300px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
4.c.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre- primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in- service required for teaching at the&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;relevant level in a given country&lt;br /&gt;
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| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non‑discrimination on the basis of sex&lt;br /&gt;
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5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age&lt;br /&gt;
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5.2.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of women and girls aged&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence&lt;br /&gt;
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5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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5.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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5.3.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of girls and women aged&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age&lt;br /&gt;
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5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.4.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location&lt;br /&gt;
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5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.5.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of seats held by women in a) national parliaments and b) local governments&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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5.5.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of women in managerial&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;positions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of women aged 15-49&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.6.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee women aged 15-&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;49 years access to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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5.a.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
ICTMOBIL: Mobile phones per 100 people&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesICTTelephoneSubscribersPer100: mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. ITU (International Telecommunications Union).&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
5.c.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
WATSAFE: Percent of people with access to safe water&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesWSSJMPWaterTotal%OtherImproved and SeriesWSSJMPWaterTotal%Piped: Proportion of total population served with either piped or other improved water sources. WSS JMP WHO/UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SANITATION: Percent of people with access to improved sanitation services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesWSSJMPSanitationTotal%Improved: Proportion of total population served with improved sanitation. WSS JMP WHO/UNICEF&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of wastewater safely treated&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
WATWASTE: Percent of people connected to wastewater collection system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesWasteWaterColConnect%: Percent of population connected to urban wastewater collection system. UNSD/UNEP/OECD/EUROSTat&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
WATWASTETREAT: Percent of people connected to wastewater treatment system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesWasteWaterTreatConnect%: Percent of population connected to urban wastewater treatment system. UNSD/UNEP/OECD/EUROSTAT&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
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6.3.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.4.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Change in water-use efficiency over time&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.4.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a percent of available freshwater resources&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Total water demand over total water supply. SeriesWatWithDMunicipal, SeriesWatWithDIndustrial, SeriesWatWithDAgriculture. All data from FAO AQUASTAT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:151px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.5.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Degree of integrated water&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;resources management implementation (0-&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;100)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.5.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Change in the extent of water- related ecosystems over time&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;treatment, recycling and reuse technologies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Amount of water- and sanitation- related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
6.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population with access to electricity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INFRAELECACC: Percent of population with access to electricity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesEnElecAccess%National: Percentage of national population with access to electricity. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indictors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.1.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Renewable as a percent of total energy production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All energy production data comes from International Energy Agency&#039;s (IEA) World Energy Outlook&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:76px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
ENDEM/GDP: Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All energy demand data comes from International Energy Agency&#039;s (IEA) World Energy Outlook. GDP data comes from IMF.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
7.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Investments in energy efficiency as a percentage of GDP and the amount of foreign direct investment in financial transfer for infrastructure and technology to sustainable development services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
GDPPC: Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesGDP2011PCPPP: GDP per capita (constant 2011 PPP international $)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high- value added and labour-intensive sectors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesGDP2011PCPPP: GDP per capita (constant 2011 PPP international $)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of informal employment in non‑agriculture employment, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
LABINFORMSHR: percent of informal employment (non-agricultural)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesLaborInformal%TotalAllBlended: Informal labor as a percent of total, from ILO-WIEGO and World Bank.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;10‑Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.4.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.5.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.5.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion and number of children aged 5‑17 years engaged in child labour, by sex and age&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.8&amp;amp;nbsp; Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.8.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Frequency rates of fatal and non-&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.8.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Increase in national compliance of labour rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.9.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.9.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of jobs in tourism&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;industries as a proportion of total jobs and growth rate of jobs, by sex&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.10.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of commercial bank branches and automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
to&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; and&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; access&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;banking, insurance and financial services for all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.10.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of adults (15 years and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile- money-service provider&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
8.b.1 Total government spending in social protection and employment programmes as a proportion of the national budgets&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;and GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans- border infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INFRAROADRAI: Percent of rural people living within 2 km of an all weather road&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesRoaRuralAccessIndex: Rural Access Index, proportion of the rural population who lie within 2 km (25 minute walk) of an all-weather road. The World Bank Rural Access Index.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.1.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Manufacturing value added as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesVaddMan%: Value added in manufacturing as a percent of GDP. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Manufacturing value added per capita&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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9.2.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Manufacturing employment as a percentage of total employment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value added&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.3.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.4.1 CO2 emission per unit of value added&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
CO2 emissions per unit of value added (driven by energy production, not consumption)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesEmissionsCarbonCDIAC: Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
RANDEXP: Research and Development spending as a percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesR&amp;amp;Dgovt%GDP: Gross R&amp;amp;D expenditure by government. UNESCO&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;per million inhabitants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.a.1 Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of medium and high- tech industry value added in total value added&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
9.c.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
ICTBROAD: percentage of population with access to broadband technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesICTBroadbandSubscribersPer100ITU: Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. ITU.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
ICTBROADMOBIL: Percentage of population with access to mobile broadband technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesICTBroadbandMobileSubsPer100: Broadband obile, mobile cellular subscriptions with access to data communication at broadband speed per 100 inhabitants.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:136px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Growth rates of household expenditure or income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of the population and the total population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of people living below&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;50 per cent of median income, by age, sex and persons with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of the population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed within the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.4.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of yearly income earned in country of destination&lt;br /&gt;
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10.7.2 Number of countries that have implemented well-managed migration policies&lt;br /&gt;
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10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports from least developed countries and developing countries with zero-tariff&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Net foreign aid&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesAidRec%GNI and SeriesAidDon%GNI: Official development assistance and official aid, net,&amp;amp;nbsp;% of GNI; Aid donations as percent of GNI. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators and OECD UN Statistics Division.&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Foreign direct investment annual inflows in Billion $&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesXFDIInflows%GDP: Foreign direct investment net inflow as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of GDP. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Total resource flows in development in Billion $&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Sum of above 2 indicators i.e. aid plus FDI.&lt;br /&gt;
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10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
10.c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion of the amount remitted&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Ratio of crop land to population growth rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:60px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesLandCrop: Crop land. FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Ratio of grazing land to population growth rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesLandGrazing: grazing land. FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
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11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:450px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:450px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and private) per capita spent on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by type of heritage (cultural, natural, mixed and World Heritage Centre designation), level of government (national, regional and local/municipal), type of expenditure (operating expenditure/investment) and type of private funding (donations in kind, private non-profit sector and sponsorship)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:450px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:450px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;100,000 people&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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11.5.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Direct disaster economic loss in relation to global GDP, including disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of urban solid waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total urban solid waste generated, by cities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.6.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
ENVPM2pt5: Urban-population weighted PM2.5 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100k residents.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesEnvPM10&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:122px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;and persons with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age and persons with disabilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population living in cities that implement urban and regional development plans integrating population projections and resource needs, by size of city&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.b.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;strategies&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
11.c.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of financial support to the least developed countries that is allocated to the construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local materials&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries with sustainable consumption and production (SCP) national action plans or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or a target into national policies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.2.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Global food loss index&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Average of production, transformation, and consumption losses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;and the environment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.4.1 Number of parties to international multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous waste, and other chemicals that meet their commitments and obligations&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;in transmitting information as required by each relevant agreement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita and proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of treatment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material recycled&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.6.1 Number of companies publishing sustainability reports&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries implementing&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;sustainable public procurement policies and action plans&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.8.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development (including climate change education) are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Amount of support to developing countries on research and development for sustainable consumption and production and environmentally sound technologies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.b.1 Number of sustainable tourism strategies or policies and implemented action plans with agreed monitoring and evaluation tools&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:435px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:435px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
12.c.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of GDP (production and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;consumption) and as a proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuels&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:435px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:435px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:435px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts[b]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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13.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;strategies&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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13.1.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people&#039;&#039;a&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:466px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
13.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries that have&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;communicated the establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other)&lt;br /&gt;
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13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning&lt;br /&gt;
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13.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula&lt;br /&gt;
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13.3.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions&lt;br /&gt;
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13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;possible&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:390px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
13.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment&lt;br /&gt;
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13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:375px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
13.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities&lt;br /&gt;
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| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land based activities, including marine debris and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;nutrient pollution&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
14.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density&lt;br /&gt;
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14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans&lt;br /&gt;
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14.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of national exclusive economic zones managed using ecosystem based approaches&lt;br /&gt;
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14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
14.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations&lt;br /&gt;
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14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics&lt;br /&gt;
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14.4.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels&lt;br /&gt;
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14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information&lt;br /&gt;
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14.5.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas&lt;br /&gt;
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14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation[c]&lt;br /&gt;
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14.6.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Progress by countries in the degree of implementation of international instruments aiming to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing&lt;br /&gt;
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14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism&lt;br /&gt;
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14.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Sustainable fisheries as a percentage of GDP in small island developing States, least developed countries and all countries&lt;br /&gt;
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14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
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14.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of total research budget allocated to research in the field of marine technology&lt;br /&gt;
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14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets&lt;br /&gt;
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14.b.1 Progress by countries in the degree of application of a legal/regulatory/policy/institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries&lt;br /&gt;
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14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of “The future we want”&lt;br /&gt;
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14.c.1 Number of countries making progress in ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related instruments that implement international law, as reflected in the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and their resources&lt;br /&gt;
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| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Forest area as a proportion of total&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;land area&lt;br /&gt;
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Forest area as a percentage of total land area.&lt;br /&gt;
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SeriesLandForest: Forest land. FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
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0&lt;br /&gt;
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15.1.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type&lt;br /&gt;
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15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Progress towards sustainable forest management&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.4.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.4.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Mountain Green Cover Index&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.5.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Red List Index&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of invasive alien species&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:166px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning,&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.9.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Progress towards national targets established in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.a.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.b.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
15.c.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.1.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population, by sex and age&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Deaths from intentional injuries per thousand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All death rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Years of life lost to intentional injuries per person&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All YLL rate data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Years living with disability due to intentional injuries per person.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
All YLD data come from WHO&#039;s Global Health Estimates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.1.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Conflict-related deaths per&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;100,000 population, by sex, age and cause&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.1.3&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.1.4&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of population that feel safe walking alone around the area they live&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.2.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of children aged 1-17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.2.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18‑29 years who experienced sexual violence by age 18&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Same as above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.3.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization to competent authorities or other officially recognized conflict resolution mechanisms&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.3.2&amp;amp;nbsp; Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.4.1 Total value of inward and outward illicit financial flows (in current United States dollars)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.4.2 Proportion of seized small arms and light weapons that are recorded and traced, in accordance with international standards and legal instruments&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or by budget codes or similar)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:120px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.6.2 Proportion of the population satisfied with their last experience of public services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:75px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.7.1 Proportions of positions (by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups) in public institutions (national and local legislatures, public service, and judiciary) compared to national distributions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, age, disability and population group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.8.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organizations&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age whose births have been registered with a civil authority, by age&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:255px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.a.1 Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:180px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
16.b.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:239px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Finance&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;6&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP, by source&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
GOVREV/GDP: Total government revenue as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesGovtCalcRevTot%GDP: Total government revenue as a percent of GDP. IMF Government Finance Statistics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:91px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
HHTAX: Household taxes as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Initialzed as residual from firm, welfare, and indirect taxes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
FIRMTAX: Firm taxes as a percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesTaxCorp%Tot: Corporate taxes as percent of total central government revenue. IMF Government Finance Statistics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INDIRECTTAX: Indirect taxes (taxes on goods and services) as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesTaxGoodSer%CurRev: Taxes on goods and services as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of total got revenue. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SSWELTAX: Social security and welfare taxes as a percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesTaxSocSec%CurRev: Social security taxes as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of total govt revenue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:62px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:420px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:420px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.2.1 Net official development assistance, total and to least developed countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors’ gross national income (GNI)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:420px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Net official development assistance as percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:420px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesAidRec%GNI and SeriesAidDon%GNI: Official development assistance and official aid, net,&amp;amp;nbsp;% of GNI. World Banks&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:420px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.3.1 Foreign direct investments (FDI), official development assistance and South- South Cooperation as a proportion of total domestic budget&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;States dollars) as a proportion of total&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Volume of remittances as&amp;amp;nbsp;% of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesXWorkerRemitPaid: Worker remittances by country where paid. World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long- term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:240px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Technology&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.6.1 Number of science and/or technology cooperation agreements and programmes between countries, by type of cooperation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
ICTBROAD: Fixed internet broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
SeriesICTBroadbandSubscribersPer100ITU: Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. From ITU.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.7.1&amp;amp;nbsp; Total amount of approved funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:195px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity- building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Internet&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
INFRANET: ICT infrastructure index&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
IFs index initalized using access rates for various types of ICT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Capacity-building&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.9 Enhance international support for&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;implementing effective and targeted capacity- building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Trade&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non‑discriminatory and equitable multilateral&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff- average&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.11 Significantly increase the exports of&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.11.1 Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Share of global exports (percentage)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Trade data from various sources, mainly World Bank&#039;s World Development Indicators (WDI),&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:315px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:315px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.12.1 Average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:315px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:315px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:315px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Systemic issues&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:20px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Policy and institutional coherence&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:46px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability,&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;including through policy coordination and policy coherence&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.13.1 Macroeconomic Dashboard&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:90px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.14.1 Number of countries with mechanisms in place to enhance policy coherence of sustainable development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:106px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools by providers of development cooperation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Multi-stakeholder partnerships&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi- stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, in particular developing countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.16.1 Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the sustainable development goals&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:270px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.17 Encourage and promote effective public,&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.17.1 Amount of United States dollars committed to public-private and civil society partnerships&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:150px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;Data, monitoring and accountability&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:30px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.18.1 Proportion of sustainable development indicators produced at the national level with full disaggregation when relevant to the target, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:226px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.18.2 Number of countries that have national statistical legislation that complies with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.18.3 Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded and under implementation, by source of funding&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countries&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:135px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:154px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a) have conducted at least one population and housing census in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:101px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:190px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| nowrap=&amp;quot;nowrap&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:86px;height:210px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The UN classifies SDG indicators on a scale of 1 to 3 based on methodological strength and data availability. A Tier 1 indicator is one that, “is conceptually clear, has an internationally established methodology and standards are available, and data are regularly produced by countries for at least 50 per cent of countries and of the population in every region where the indicator is relevant.” See: [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/ https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] Absolute target values are not strictly universal in that the UN does not provide explicit numerical values for the language it uses to describe the SDGs’ targets. For the SDG Form, we selected numerical values for the targets based on their individual language. For example, we use a threshold of 3 percent for targets that call for elimination or eradication of large scale social phenomena like extreme poverty and hunger, which we feel captures the spirit of the target while being more realistic than 0. We use a threshold of 0 in other cases, such as disease incidence, where the goal of 100% eradication is more realistic based on historical experience. However, the form allows the user to override any target, allowing for the flexibility to override these subjective decisions.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;[[Category:Pages with broken file links]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9196</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.37 (October 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9196"/>
		<updated>2018-10-12T15:35:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this model is turned &#039;&#039;off&#039;&#039; in the IFs Base Case&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Bug fixes/updates since 7.36 (internal version of IFs) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Changes&amp;amp;nbsp;in&amp;amp;nbsp;educational attainment model&lt;br /&gt;
**Updated regression for estimating&amp;amp;nbsp;tertiary graduation rate - rises more slowly in many countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Fixed bugs associated with sub-regionalizing&amp;amp;nbsp;countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Sub-regional files for Brazil included&lt;br /&gt;
*Updated informal labor variable (LABINFORMALSHR)&amp;amp;nbsp;initialization to take ILO/WEIGO data first, then World Bank data to fill holes&lt;br /&gt;
*7.37 includes scenario files for current UNDP projects&lt;br /&gt;
*Calculation of the homicide index (HOMICIDEINDEX)&amp;amp;nbsp;now on the basis of total number of deaths as opposed to the death rate. This fixes the problem of the index value looking inflated for Honduras&lt;br /&gt;
*Display issues: bug in the way population variables are displayed in the flexible display was fixed, radial graph bug fixed, development priorities display fixed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9195</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.37 (October 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9195"/>
		<updated>2018-10-12T15:34:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor ​]Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
**[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor ​]Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this model is turned &#039;&#039;off&#039;&#039; in the IFs Base Case&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this is a recent model update still in development. Please do not use for formal analysis or publication.&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Bug fixes/updates since 7.36 (internal version of IFs) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Changes&amp;amp;nbsp;in&amp;amp;nbsp;educational attainment model&lt;br /&gt;
**Updated regression for estimating&amp;amp;nbsp;tertiary graduation rate - rises more slowly in many countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Fixed bugs associated with sub-regionalizing&amp;amp;nbsp;countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Sub-regional files for Brazil included&lt;br /&gt;
*Updated informal labor variable (LABINFORMALSHR)&amp;amp;nbsp;initialization to take ILO/WEIGO data first, then World Bank data to fill holes&lt;br /&gt;
*7.37 includes scenario files for current UNDP projects&lt;br /&gt;
*Calculation of the homicide index (HOMICIDEINDEX)&amp;amp;nbsp;now on the basis of total number of deaths as opposed to the death rate. This fixes the problem of the index value looking inflated for Honduras&lt;br /&gt;
*Display issues: bug in the way population variables are displayed in the flexible display was fixed, radial graph bug fixed, development priorities display fixed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9194</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.37 (October 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9194"/>
		<updated>2018-10-11T16:40:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
**Note: this model is turned &#039;&#039;off&#039;&#039; in the IFs Base Case&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Bug fixes/updates since 7.36 (internal version of IFs) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Changes&amp;amp;nbsp;in&amp;amp;nbsp;educational attainment model&lt;br /&gt;
**Updated regression for estimating&amp;amp;nbsp;tertiary graduation rate - rises more slowly in many countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Fixed bugs associated with sub-regionalizing&amp;amp;nbsp;countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Sub-regional files for Brazil included&lt;br /&gt;
*Updated informal labor variable (LABINFORMALSHR)&amp;amp;nbsp;initialization to take ILO/WEIGO data first, then World Bank data to fill holes&lt;br /&gt;
*7.37 includes scenario files for current UNDP projects&lt;br /&gt;
*Calculation of the homicide index (HOMICIDEINDEX)&amp;amp;nbsp;now on the basis of total number of deaths as opposed to the death rate. This fixes the problem of the index value looking inflated for Honduras&lt;br /&gt;
*Display issues: bug in the way population variables are displayed in the flexible display was fixed, radial graph bug fixed, development priorities display fixed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9193</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.37 (October 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9193"/>
		<updated>2018-10-11T16:35:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Bug fixes/updates since 7.36 (internal version of IFs) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Changes&amp;amp;nbsp;in&amp;amp;nbsp;educational attainment model&lt;br /&gt;
**Updated regression for estimating&amp;amp;nbsp;tertiary graduation rate - rises more slowly in many countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Fixed bugs associated with sub-regionalizing&amp;amp;nbsp;countries&lt;br /&gt;
*Sub-regional files for Brazil included&lt;br /&gt;
*Updated informal labor variable (LABINFORMALSHR)&amp;amp;nbsp;initialization to take ILO/WEIGO data first, then World Bank data to fill holes&lt;br /&gt;
*7.37 includes scenario files for current UNDP projects&lt;br /&gt;
*Calculation of the homicide index (HOMICIDEINDEX)&amp;amp;nbsp;now on the basis of total number of deaths as opposed to the death rate. This fixes the problem of the index value looking inflated for Honduras&lt;br /&gt;
*Display issues: bug in the way population variables are displayed in the flexible display was fixed, radial graph bug fixed, development priorities display fixed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9192</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.37 (October 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9192"/>
		<updated>2018-10-11T15:49:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9191</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.37 (October 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.37_(October_2018)&amp;diff=9191"/>
		<updated>2018-10-11T15:48:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: Created page with &amp;quot;= Version notes 7.36 (September 2018) =  = Recent model updateshttps://pardee.du.edu/w/index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1 edit =  *N...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Version notes 7.36 (September 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent model updates[[https://pardee.du.edu/w/index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1 edit]] =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018)[[https://pardee.du.edu/w/index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2 edit]] =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=EconDash&amp;diff=9167</id>
		<title>EconDash</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=EconDash&amp;diff=9167"/>
		<updated>2018-09-11T01:00:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; is a set of interactive data visualizations created by the [http://pardee.du.edu/ Frederick S. &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Pardee&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; Center for International Futures]. The purpose of these visualizations is to allow the user to explore and better understand relevant indicators of financial and economic instability and resilience. &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; uses both [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/EconDash#Data_Structure monadic and dyadic data] across time, and includes some forecasted variables from the [[International_Futures_(IFs)|International Futures (IFs)]] system. There is currently one public user interface available from &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash that explores [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/EconDash#EconDash:_Trade_Networks_Interface Trade Networks]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;. A new Economic Vulnerability interface will be available by&amp;amp;nbsp;late summer 2017.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;: Trade Networks Interface&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This&amp;amp;nbsp;dashboard&amp;amp;nbsp;focuses on trade networks from 1960 to 2014 and the centrality of countries in these networks. It also contains data on financial crises over the same time period. To access the dashboard [https://pardee.du.edu/econdash/ click here].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Navigating the Interface ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; interface allows users to display and explore financial and economic crises and global trade networks along a variety of dimensions. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/b/bb/EconDashTrade_Figure_1.jpg Figure 1] is an [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 1.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 1: EconDash Annotated Main Display Page]]annotated view of the&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://54.149.184.118/econdash/ main display page]&amp;amp;nbsp;with its default settings. It provides definitions and instructions on each of the page&#039;s functions. On this page, the user can select the [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Independent_Variable:.C2.A0Drivers_of.C2.A0Crises independent&amp;amp;nbsp;variables]&amp;amp;nbsp;that determine: 1) the size of the bubbles that represent each country (&amp;quot;Select country size&amp;quot;); 2) the bubbles&#039; color scheme (&amp;quot;Select country color&amp;quot;); 3) the network that is represented by the links (grey lines) between countries (&amp;quot;Select network&amp;quot;); and 4) the value threshold over which network links should be displayed for the selected network variable (&amp;quot;Show connections&amp;quot;). One can also select the year of the data that will be displayed (&amp;quot;Select year&amp;quot;). Currently, data is available from 1960 to 2014.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the interface provides information about the selected independent variables in the textual display on the right and in graphs at the bottom of the screen. One can access country-specific information about [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 2.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 2: Mouse-over Country Display Example]]selected variables by &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;mousing&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mousing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; over each country bubble (see&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/5/51/EconDashTrade_Figure_2.jpg Figure 2]). Information about the network variable&amp;amp;nbsp;for two countries ([http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Data_Structure country dyads]) can be viewed by &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;mousing&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mousing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; over the grey line linking them (see [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/9/9e/EconDashTrade_Figure_3.jpg Figure 3]). Generally, the most meaningful stories emerge when two or more of the selected variables represents the same category of information.&amp;amp;nbsp;For example, one could gain a better understanding of the world&#039;s energy trade networks and how they&amp;amp;nbsp;relate&amp;amp;nbsp;to economic &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;sophisitaction&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;sophisitaction&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; (as measured by GDP per capita) by selecting &amp;quot;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;GDPPCP&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDPPCP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;quot; for country size,&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;centrality score energy&amp;quot; for country color, &amp;quot;total energy trade&amp;quot; for network, and experimenting with connection thresholds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example Exploration:&amp;amp;nbsp;Financial Crises Across Time ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Say you want to better understand the occurrence and movement of financial crises across time. Select&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;GDP at MER&amp;quot; for the country [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 3.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 3: Mouse-over Network Link Display Example]]size, &amp;quot;Financial Crisis (Binary)&amp;quot; for the country color and &amp;quot;Total Trade&amp;quot; for the network. Then, select 1960 for the year, and (without clicking again) begin to scroll down though subsequent years using the down arrow key&amp;amp;nbsp;on your keyboard. In this way, you can quickly see which countries experienced a financial crisis in each year. Some patterns you may notice are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Between 1960 and 1980 financial crises were limited to the Global South&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- After&amp;amp;nbsp;1980, more countries in the Global North began to experience crisis, and the US had its first post-1960 crisis in 1988&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Crises occur in geographically contiguous country clusters relatively often (e.g. western South America 1981, &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Scandanavia&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Scandanavia&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;1991, Eastern Europe 1992, east and southeast Asia 1997 and&amp;amp;nbsp;1998)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- When countries with large economies are involved in a crisis, it can affect a region and/or&amp;amp;nbsp;trading partners in subsequent years; this cascading effect can be seen in the map view and in the bar graph displayed at the bottom of the page&amp;amp;nbsp;(e.g. Asian financial crisis with Japan as the epicenter in 1996 and 1997 and the Global Financial Crisis with the US and UK as epicenters in 2007-2009)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Defining the Variables&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The different categories of relevant indicators are listed below, with a justification for their inclusion in the &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; visualization.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dependent Variable:Types of Crises&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dependent variable is defined as an economic crisis that occurs as a result of strictly economic phenomena. This excludes economic instability resulting from&amp;amp;nbsp;political instability or&amp;amp;nbsp;natural disasters. Economic crises are classified according to the following IMF data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IMF [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Systemic-Banking-Crises-Database-An-Update-26015 Systemic Banking Crises Database] was originally published in 2008 by Luc &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Laeven&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Laeven&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Fabián&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Fabián&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; Valencia, and updated in 2012. The IMF Systemic Banking Crises Database covers 431 crisis events identified from 1970 to 2011, of which 134 are identified as systemic banking crises, 13 borderline systemic banking crises, 218 currency crises, and 66 sovereign debt crises. For the 147 systemic or borderline systemic banking crises, the database also tracks the mixture of policy responses to each of these systemic banking crises. The authors of the database classify each of the crisis events per the following criteria:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Financial Crises&amp;amp;nbsp; ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Financial crises are analyzed as&amp;amp;nbsp;binary variables from the IMF&#039;s&amp;amp;nbsp;banking crises database.&amp;amp;nbsp;They&amp;amp;nbsp;observe&amp;amp;nbsp;the &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;occurence&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;occurence&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; of any one of the following types of financial crises:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Systemic Banking Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
#Currency Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
#Sovereign Debt Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Systemic Banking Crisis ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Systemic banking crises are contingent upon satisfying the following two conditions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated by significant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2) Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system.&amp;amp;nbsp;The first year that both conditions are satisfied is considered the onset year.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second condition can be met when three of the following six policy intervention measures have been implemented:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Extensive liquidity support&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Liquidity support is extensive when the ratio of central bank claims on the financial sector to deposits and foreign liabilities exceeds five percent and more than doubles relative to its pre-crisis level. The authors also included any liquidity support extended directly from the treasury. But liquidity support to subsidiaries of foreign banks is not included in the ratio of the foreign country, only the domestic ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Bank restructuring gross costs&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Bank restructuring costs are defined as gross fiscal outlays directed to the restructuring of the financial sector. The authors exclude liquidity assistance from the treasury captured by the first intervention to avoid potentially double counting. Bank restructuring costs are considered significant if they compose at least 3% of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Significant bank nationalizations -&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;Significant nationalizations are takeovers by the government of systemically important financial institutions and include cases where the government takes a majority stake in the capital of those financial institutions.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Significant guarantees put in place&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Significant guarantee on bank liabilities indicate that either a full protection of liabilities has been issued or that guarantees have been extended to non-deposit liabilities of banks. However, policy interventions that only target the level of deposit insurance coverage are excluded.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Significant asset purchases&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Significant asset purchases from&amp;amp;nbsp;financial institutions by the central bank or the treasury exceeding five percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Deposit freezes and/or bank holidays - &#039;&#039;Government halts acccount activity or require bank closure; this action is taken more frequently by emerging economies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Outside of these criteria, a crisis can be deemed systemic if&amp;amp;nbsp;1) a country’s banking system exhibits significant losses resulting in a share of &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;nonperforming&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;nonperforming&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; loans above 20 percent, or bank closures of at least 20 percent of banking system assets; or 2) fiscal restructuring costs of the banking sector are sufficiently high exceeding 5 percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Currency Crisis ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currency crises occur when the national currency experiences a nominal depreciation of the currency against the U.S. dollar of at least 30 percent and is also at least 10 percentage points greater than the rate of depreciation in the year before. The authors use the bilateral dollar exchange rate from the World Economic Outlook database from the IMF. In cases where countries meet the currency criteria for several continuous years, the authors use the first year of each 5-year window to identify the crisis. Using this approach the authors identify 218 currency crises from 1970 to 2011, of which, 10 occur from 2008 to 2011.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Sovereign Debt Crisis and Debt Restructuring Years ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sovereign debt crises occur when countries default on their sovereign debt to private creditors. The authors identify 66 sovereign debt crises using data taken from a &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Beim&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Beim&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Calomiris&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Calomiris&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; 2001 paper, the World Bank, a &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Sturzenegger&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sturzenegger&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Zettelmeyer&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zettelmeyer&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; 2006 paper, IMF staff reports, and reports from rating agencies. Similarly, the year of debt restructuring is the year a country restructures their debt. It is possible to have multiple crises and debt &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;restructurings&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;restructurings&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; in a single year, see Greece 2012. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Luc Laeven and Fabian Valencia. &amp;quot;Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update,&amp;quot; IMF Working Paper 12 (2012): 1-32. Accessed July 6, 2017. https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/_wp12163.ashx.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Independent Variable:&amp;amp;nbsp;Drivers of&amp;amp;nbsp;Crises&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The independent variables in this dataset describe countries&#039; internal economic conditions and their networked relationships, i.e. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Centrality_Scores centrality scores]. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Table_1:_Variable_List Table 1] lists each independent variable and provides its category, source, and definition. See additional information on data sources [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Data_Sources below].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Table 1: Variable List ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width: 668px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Variable Name&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Source Institution(s)&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Source Database(s)&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Definition&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 662px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Structural Variables&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP Growth Rate&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; International Monetary Fund (IMF)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[International_Futures_(IFs)|International Futures]] (IFs) &amp;amp; IMF&#039;s&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/index.aspx World Economic Outlook] (WEO)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, percent&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP at MER&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; IMF&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs &amp;amp; WEO&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP at Market Exchange Rates (billion USD), 2011 constant prices&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;GDPPCP&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDPPCP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; IMF&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs &amp;amp; WEO&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (thousand USD), 2011 constant prices&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 662px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Financial Variables&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Ag&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Pardee&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; Center, [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/default.asp United Nations&amp;amp;nbsp;Trade Statistics] (UNTS) &amp;amp;&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/welcome.asp CEPii]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://comtrade.un.org/ UN&amp;amp;nbsp;][https://comtrade.un.org/ Comtrade Database]&amp;amp;nbsp;(Comtrade) &amp;amp; CEPii&#039;s [http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=1 BACI]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the agricultural trade network meausured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Ag (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the agricultural trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Energy&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the energy trade networkmeasured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Energy (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the energy trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score ICT&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the ICT trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score ICT (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the energy trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Manufacturing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the manufacturing trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Manufacturing (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the manufacturing trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Materials&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the materials trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Materials (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the materials trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Services&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/servicetrade/ UN Service Trade Statistics Database]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the services trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Services (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the services trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Total&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade, BACI, &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the total trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Total (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade, BACI, &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the total trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 111px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Network Variables&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade, BACI, &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Energy Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral energy trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total ICT Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral ICT trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Manufacturing Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral manufacturing trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Materials Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral materials trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Services Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral services trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Agricultural Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral agricultural trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Energy Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total energy trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total ICT Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total ICT trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Manufacturing Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total manufacturing trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Materials Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total materials trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Services Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total services trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Agricultural Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total agricultural trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Data Sources ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most dyadic trade data comes from the [https://comtrade.un.org/ UN Comtrade Database], which houses the world&#039;s &amp;quot;official international trade statistics.&amp;quot; CEPii&amp;amp;nbsp;cleans the Comtrade data, so data has been pulled from its [http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=1 BACI Database] for ease of use. However, CEPii&amp;amp;nbsp;does not have dyadic trade data for the services sector, so data from the [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/servicetrade/default.aspx UN Service Trade Statistics Database]&amp;amp;nbsp;is blended with the CEPii&amp;amp;nbsp;data to get a complete trade balance. Both Comtrade and the Service Trade Statistics databases are managed by the [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/default.asp UN Trade Statistics] branch of the&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://unstats.un.org/home/ United Nations Statistics Division].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Centrality Scores ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Network analysis can be used to determine a country&#039;s centrality within a global network. In network analysis, centrality&amp;amp;nbsp;has been defined along the following dimensions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Reach&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- ability of an entity&amp;amp;nbsp;to reach other vertices&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Flow&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- quantity/weight of &amp;amp;nbsp;passing through entity&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Vitality&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Effect of removing entity from the network&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Feedback&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- A recursive function of alter centralities&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Peter Hoff. &amp;quot;Centrality: Statistical Analysis of social networks.&amp;quot; (n.d). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from http://www.stat.washington.edu/people/pdhoff/courses/567/Notes/l6_centrality_paused.pdf.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
EconDash uses eigenvector centrality to determine the centrality of each country, or &amp;quot;node,&amp;quot; in&amp;amp;nbsp;a global&amp;amp;nbsp;network. Eigenvector centrality&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;assigns each node a relative score based on the centrality of its connections. Connections to higher-scoring nodes contribute more to a node&#039;s centrality score than connections to lower-scoring nodes. It uses a matrix calculation to iteratively determine each node&#039;s centrality score. The basic idea behind eigenvector centrality is that a central actor is connected to other central actors. It is distinct from the simpler degree centrality in that it weights connections rather than assigning a score based on the number of connections alone.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Eigenvector Centrality.&amp;quot; (n.d.). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from https://www.sci.unich.it/~francesc/teaching/network/eigenvector.html.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trade Networks visualization&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;, eigenvector centrality is used to analyze centrality of a country in a trade network in a particular year.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Data Structure ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Monadic Data ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Monadic data are those that describe one&amp;amp;nbsp;country in a single year with a structure of country-year. For example, Senegal&#039;s GDP per capita at PPP in 2012. In the EconDash&#039;s Trade Networks visualization, monadic variables include all Dependent Variables (i.e. crises),&amp;amp;nbsp;Structural Variables (i.e. economic statistics) and Financial Variables (i.e.centrality scores). While centrality scores are calculated based on a country&#039;s trade relationships with other countries (nodes) in the global network, countries receive a single, annual centrality score for each trade&amp;amp;nbsp;sector.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Dyadic Data ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dyadic data are those that describe the relationship between two countries in a single year with a structure of country-country-year. For example, total ICT trade between the US and China in 2015. In the EconDash&#039;s Trade Networks visualization, dyadic variables include all Network Variables (i.e. abosolute and relative levels of trade). The dyadic trade data is used to analyze bilateral trade levels between countries in the following sectors.&amp;amp;nbsp;Each sector is analyzed as percent of partner country&#039;s GDP as well as&amp;amp;nbsp;total intrasector trade in millions of US dollars:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Energy&lt;br /&gt;
#Manufacturing&lt;br /&gt;
#Information and Communication Technology (ICT)&lt;br /&gt;
#Materials&lt;br /&gt;
#Services&lt;br /&gt;
#Agriculture&lt;br /&gt;
#Total Trade&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= EconDash: Economic Vulnerabilities =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This interface focuses on economic vulnerabilities across countries across time. This interface&amp;amp;nbsp;is based on monadic independent variables from 1960 to 2015 and a binary dependent variable namely the occurrence of economic crises. This visualization also includes groups of the independent variables along with groups of countries developed on the basis of specific criteria. To access the dashboard click [https://pardee.du.edu/econdash2/ here].&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Navigating the interface ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EconDash viz 2.JPG|frame|right|sub|upright|Figure 4: Economic Vulnerabilities Interface (with description of all features)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interface enables the user to view and analyze various independent variables across countries across time. The dashboard presents a world map populated with a relevant variable in a particular year. The variable is color scaled and a “valence” has been defined for each variable. For example, the demographic dividend moves from red to green (lowest to highest), whereas infant mortality moves from green to red (lowest value to highest value). There are three filters at the top right of the visualization that allow the user to select a relevant year, a relevant variable or indicator and a particular country group. The dashboard allows the user to play a particular variable over time so that the unfolding trend can be analyzed visually across countries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below the map visualization, the user can see a line/bar graph describing the trend of the variable for the world as a whole over time. When a user hovers over a particular country, this line/bar graph describes the trend for the country instead of the world as a whole over time. Also note that this graph will show the trend over the entire time horizon even when the filter above is set to a particular year. This enables the user to understand the overall trend before selecting a particular country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under the line graph, the user can see what group a particular variable belongs to. For example, the variable demographic dividend belongs to the group ‘Demographic Vulnerabilities’.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in order to better understand vulnerability to crises, the dashboard helps the user analyze the same not just across countries but also across “groups” of countries. The basis of these groups include factors such as income levels, development levels, geographic region, exchange rate regime etc. The filter above the map visualization has an option for selection of country groups. This enables the user to see a cluster of countries and the variables for the same.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Media:Figure_4|Figure 4]]&amp;amp;nbsp;shows the interface along with all of its basic features. The country grouping function has been described in detail in the sections below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Defining variables and groups ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Dependent variable: Occurence of economic crises ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dependent variable (DV) was for the purpose of the second visualization was calculated on the basis of the percent change in the GDP at MER. The following steps were followed in the computation of the DV,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First, the percent change in GDP at MER was calculated from 1960 onwards using historical data and forecasts from IFs. A threshold&amp;amp;nbsp;was&amp;amp;nbsp;set for the DV, namely, where the change in the growth rate was lesser than -4%. A binary variable&amp;amp;nbsp;was&amp;amp;nbsp;computed i.e. the value in a particular year for a particular country was set to 1 where an economic crisis was said to occur, if the&amp;amp;nbsp;threshold&amp;amp;nbsp;was&amp;amp;nbsp;met.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The variable “Occurrence of Economic Crisis” that appears in the visualization is a combination of these three dependent variables.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Independent variables ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This display allows the user to view 44&amp;amp;nbsp;independent variables in addition to the dependent variable (described above) across countries and across time. All the variables have been grouped into seven main categories, namely,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;The Dependent variable&#039;&#039;&#039; (This is the occurrence of economic crisis that has been described above)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as Raw material imports, Food imports etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Financial vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as the average exchange rate, the balance of payments, capital account balance etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Environmental vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as the number of displacements on account of natural disasters, carbon emissions, precipitation change etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Political vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as polity scores, the occurrence of events of political instability etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Demographic vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as the population, youth bulge, dependency ratios etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Economic output dependencies and vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as Exports, export diversification, GDP, GDP per capita etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Country grouping function ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EconDash viz2 groups.JPG|frame|right|upright|Figure 5: Display of the grouping function in the interface along with description of all components]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To better understand what drives economic crises, the visualization also gives the user the option to view the occurrence of crises across groups of countries in addition to individual countries. These groups were developed using specific criteria such as fuel imports, exchange rate regimes, levels of development etc. The user can currently select from up to 8 groups of countries with various sub-groups. The main groups are,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Levels of corruption&lt;br /&gt;
#Ease of doing business&lt;br /&gt;
#Fuel exports&lt;br /&gt;
#Income levels&lt;br /&gt;
#Currency regimes&lt;br /&gt;
#Anchor currency in the economy&lt;br /&gt;
#Credit rating for the country&lt;br /&gt;
#Development levels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5&amp;amp;nbsp;shows the country grouping function&amp;amp;nbsp;in the interface.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== List of variables presented in the interface ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;899&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Variable name&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Description&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Variable Group&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Occurrence Of Economic Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Binary variable that describes the occurrence of economic crisis.&amp;amp;nbsp; Derived using change in the GDP growth rates of a country over time.&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Dependent variable&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Raw Materials Import&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Raw materials imports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Agricultural Import Dependence&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Agricultural imports as a percentage of food demand&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Average Exchange Rate (National Currency To USD)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Avg. Exchange Rate, NC/US$, Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Capital Account Balance&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Balance of payments: Capital account (net)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Climate Vulnerability Index&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Index of climate change vulnerability from Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Carbon Emissions&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Annual carbon emissions&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Corruption Perception Index&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Corruption scores from transparency international&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Current Account (As A Percent Of GDP)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Current account balance as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Demographic Dividend&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Ratio of the working population to that of non-working population&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Discount Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Discount Rate, Percent per annum&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Diversification Index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; (Exports)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Diversification index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; Exports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic output dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Diversification Index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; (Imports)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Diversification index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; Imports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Economic Freedom Score&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Economic freedom scores from fraser international&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Education (Years Of Schooling)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Average years of schooling&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Educational Attainment&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Education- Average years of Education between ages 15 to 24&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Electricity Access&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Percent of population with electricity access&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Input Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Exports As A Percent Of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Exports as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Output Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | FDI Inflows As A Percent Of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | FDI Inflows as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Input Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Foreign Exchange Reserves (Including Gold)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Foreign Exchange Reserves (Including Gold)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Sociopolitical Freedom Score&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Socio-Political Freedom&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | GDP Growth Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Growth rate of GDP at MER&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Output Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | GDP Per Capita At PPP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Output Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Government Effectiveness&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Government Effectiveness&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Government Expenditure As A Percent Of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Government expenditure as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Gross Savings (% Of GDP)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Gross savings (% of GDP)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | IGO Membership&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Membership in international organizations&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Index&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation (End Of Period Consumer Prices)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Index&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation, end of period consumer prices&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Infant Mortality&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Deaths per 1000 infants born&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Internal War Magnitude&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Magnitude defined by PITF on the basis of number of casualties&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Internal War Occurrence&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Occurrence of internal war (binary variable)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Lending Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Lending Rate, Percent per annum&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Life Expectancy&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Average life expectancy at birth&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Middle Income Trap (Binary)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Middle income trap (binary)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | National Currency Per SDR&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | National Currency per SDR, Period average, Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Percent Change&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation ( End Of Period Consumer Prices)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Percent change&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation, end of period consumer prices&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Polity Score&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Polity scores from 0-20&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Population&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Population in millions&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Precipitation Change&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Percent change in precipitation since 1990&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Ratio Of Gdp Growth Rate To That Of The US&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Ratio of GDP growth rate to that of the US&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | National Currency Per SDR&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | SDR, National Currency per SDR, Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Treasury Bill Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Treasury Bill Rate, Percent per annum&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Urban Population (Percent Of Total Population)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Urban population as a percent of total population&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Water Demand As A Percent Of Freshwater Resources&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Annual water demand as a proportion of exploitable water resources&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | GDP At MER&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | GDP at Market Exchange Rates&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== List of country groups presented in the interface&amp;amp;nbsp; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;988&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;380&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Group name&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Description&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;100&amp;quot; | Corruption grouping&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Countries with a TI index score of greater than 5 are defined as &amp;quot;more transparent&amp;quot; and those with a score of less than 5 are defined as &amp;quot;less transparent&amp;quot;. From 2012 onwards with a revision in the way the index is structured, countries with an index score of higher than 50 were defined as &amp;quot;more transparent&amp;quot; and those with lower than 50 were defined as &amp;quot;less transparent&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;140&amp;quot; | Ease of doing business&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Countries are grouped into four quartiles on the basis of ranks on the ease of doing business scores from the World Bank,&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;1. First quartile- Least ease of doing business (Ranked less than 48 on the index)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;2. Second quartile- Ranked between 47 and 97&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;3. Third quartile- Ranked between 97 and 144&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;4. Fourth quartile- Most ease in doing business Ranked 145 and higher&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;2. Second quartile-&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; | Fuel exports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Where , less than 35 percent of exports are made up of fuels, countries are classified as &amp;quot;Low percentage&amp;quot; and where more than 35 percent of exports are made up of fuel, they are classified as &amp;quot;High percentage&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Income levels&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Based on income level definition from the world bank&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Currency regime&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Currency regime definitions from the IMF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Anchor currency&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Anchor currency in the economy as identified by the IMF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Credit rating&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Credit ratings in 2016 from Fitch&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Development levels&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Development levels defined by the IMF&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=EconDash&amp;diff=9166</id>
		<title>EconDash</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=EconDash&amp;diff=9166"/>
		<updated>2018-09-11T00:59:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; is a set of interactive data visualizations created by the [http://pardee.du.edu/ Frederick S. &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Pardee&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; Center for International Futures]. The purpose of these visualizations is to allow the user to explore and better understand relevant indicators of financial and economic instability and resilience. &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; uses both [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/EconDash#Data_Structure monadic and dyadic data] across time, and includes some forecasted variables from the [[International_Futures_(IFs)|International Futures (IFs)]] system. There is currently one public user interface available from &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash that explores [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/EconDash#EconDash:_Trade_Networks_Interface Trade Networks]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;. A new Economic Vulnerability interface will be available by&amp;amp;nbsp;late summer 2017.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;: Trade Networks Interface&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This&amp;amp;nbsp;dashboard&amp;amp;nbsp;focuses on trade networks from 1960 to 2014 and the centrality of countries in these networks. It also contains data on financial crises over the same time period. To access the dashboard [https://pardee.du.edu/econdash/ click here].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Navigating the Interface ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; interface allows users to display and explore financial and economic crises and global trade networks along a variety of dimensions. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/b/bb/EconDashTrade_Figure_1.jpg Figure 1] is an [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 1.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 1: EconDash Annotated Main Display Page]]annotated view of the&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://54.149.184.118/econdash/ main display page]&amp;amp;nbsp;with its default settings. It provides definitions and instructions on each of the page&#039;s functions. On this page, the user can select the [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Independent_Variable:.C2.A0Drivers_of.C2.A0Crises independent&amp;amp;nbsp;variables]&amp;amp;nbsp;that determine: 1) the size of the bubbles that represent each country (&amp;quot;Select country size&amp;quot;); 2) the bubbles&#039; color scheme (&amp;quot;Select country color&amp;quot;); 3) the network that is represented by the links (grey lines) between countries (&amp;quot;Select network&amp;quot;); and 4) the value threshold over which network links should be displayed for the selected network variable (&amp;quot;Show connections&amp;quot;). One can also select the year of the data that will be displayed (&amp;quot;Select year&amp;quot;). Currently, data is available from 1960 to 2014.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition, the interface provides information about the selected independent variables in the textual display on the right and in graphs at the bottom of the screen. One can access country-specific information about [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 2.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 2: Mouse-over Country Display Example]]selected variables by &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;mousing&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mousing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; over each country bubble (see&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/5/51/EconDashTrade_Figure_2.jpg Figure 2]). Information about the network variable&amp;amp;nbsp;for two countries ([http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Data_Structure country dyads]) can be viewed by &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;mousing&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;mousing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; over the grey line linking them (see [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/9/9e/EconDashTrade_Figure_3.jpg Figure 3]). Generally, the most meaningful stories emerge when two or more of the selected variables represents the same category of information.&amp;amp;nbsp;For example, one could gain a better understanding of the world&#039;s energy trade networks and how they&amp;amp;nbsp;relate&amp;amp;nbsp;to economic &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;sophisitaction&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;sophisitaction&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; (as measured by GDP per capita) by selecting &amp;quot;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;GDPPCP&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDPPCP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;quot; for country size,&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;centrality score energy&amp;quot; for country color, &amp;quot;total energy trade&amp;quot; for network, and experimenting with connection thresholds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Example Exploration:&amp;amp;nbsp;Financial Crises Across Time ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Say you want to better understand the occurrence and movement of financial crises across time. Select&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;GDP at MER&amp;quot; for the country [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 3.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 3: Mouse-over Network Link Display Example]]size, &amp;quot;Financial Crisis (Binary)&amp;quot; for the country color and &amp;quot;Total Trade&amp;quot; for the network. Then, select 1960 for the year, and (without clicking again) begin to scroll down though subsequent years using the down arrow key&amp;amp;nbsp;on your keyboard. In this way, you can quickly see which countries experienced a financial crisis in each year. Some patterns you may notice are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Between 1960 and 1980 financial crises were limited to the Global South&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- After&amp;amp;nbsp;1980, more countries in the Global North began to experience crisis, and the US had its first post-1960 crisis in 1988&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Crises occur in geographically contiguous country clusters relatively often (e.g. western South America 1981, &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Scandanavia&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Scandanavia&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;1991, Eastern Europe 1992, east and southeast Asia 1997 and&amp;amp;nbsp;1998)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- When countries with large economies are involved in a crisis, it can affect a region and/or&amp;amp;nbsp;trading partners in subsequent years; this cascading effect can be seen in the map view and in the bar graph displayed at the bottom of the page&amp;amp;nbsp;(e.g. Asian financial crisis with Japan as the epicenter in 1996 and 1997 and the Global Financial Crisis with the US and UK as epicenters in 2007-2009)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Defining the Variables&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The different categories of relevant indicators are listed below, with a justification for their inclusion in the &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;EconDash&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; visualization.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dependent Variable:Types of Crises&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dependent variable is defined as an economic crisis that occurs as a result of strictly economic phenomena. This excludes economic instability resulting from&amp;amp;nbsp;political instability or&amp;amp;nbsp;natural disasters. Economic crises are classified according to the following IMF data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IMF [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Systemic-Banking-Crises-Database-An-Update-26015 Systemic Banking Crises Database] was originally published in 2008 by Luc &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Laeven&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Laeven&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Fabián&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Fabián&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; Valencia, and updated in 2012. The IMF Systemic Banking Crises Database covers 431 crisis events identified from 1970 to 2011, of which 134 are identified as systemic banking crises, 13 borderline systemic banking crises, 218 currency crises, and 66 sovereign debt crises. For the 147 systemic or borderline systemic banking crises, the database also tracks the mixture of policy responses to each of these systemic banking crises. The authors of the database classify each of the crisis events per the following criteria:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Financial Crises&amp;amp;nbsp; ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Financial crises are analyzed as&amp;amp;nbsp;binary variables from the IMF&#039;s&amp;amp;nbsp;banking crises database.&amp;amp;nbsp;They&amp;amp;nbsp;observe&amp;amp;nbsp;the &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;occurence&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;occurence&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; of any one of the following types of financial crises:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Systemic Banking Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
#Currency Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
#Sovereign Debt Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Systemic Banking Crisis ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Systemic banking crises are contingent upon satisfying the following two conditions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated by significant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2) Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system.&amp;amp;nbsp;The first year that both conditions are satisfied is considered the onset year.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The second condition can be met when three of the following six policy intervention measures have been implemented:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Extensive liquidity support&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Liquidity support is extensive when the ratio of central bank claims on the financial sector to deposits and foreign liabilities exceeds five percent and more than doubles relative to its pre-crisis level. The authors also included any liquidity support extended directly from the treasury. But liquidity support to subsidiaries of foreign banks is not included in the ratio of the foreign country, only the domestic ratio.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Bank restructuring gross costs&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Bank restructuring costs are defined as gross fiscal outlays directed to the restructuring of the financial sector. The authors exclude liquidity assistance from the treasury captured by the first intervention to avoid potentially double counting. Bank restructuring costs are considered significant if they compose at least 3% of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Significant bank nationalizations -&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;Significant nationalizations are takeovers by the government of systemically important financial institutions and include cases where the government takes a majority stake in the capital of those financial institutions.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Significant guarantees put in place&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Significant guarantee on bank liabilities indicate that either a full protection of liabilities has been issued or that guarantees have been extended to non-deposit liabilities of banks. However, policy interventions that only target the level of deposit insurance coverage are excluded.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Significant asset purchases&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Significant asset purchases from&amp;amp;nbsp;financial institutions by the central bank or the treasury exceeding five percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Deposit freezes and/or bank holidays - &#039;&#039;Government halts acccount activity or require bank closure; this action is taken more frequently by emerging economies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Outside of these criteria, a crisis can be deemed systemic if&amp;amp;nbsp;1) a country’s banking system exhibits significant losses resulting in a share of &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;nonperforming&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;nonperforming&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; loans above 20 percent, or bank closures of at least 20 percent of banking system assets; or 2) fiscal restructuring costs of the banking sector are sufficiently high exceeding 5 percent of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Currency Crisis ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currency crises occur when the national currency experiences a nominal depreciation of the currency against the U.S. dollar of at least 30 percent and is also at least 10 percentage points greater than the rate of depreciation in the year before. The authors use the bilateral dollar exchange rate from the World Economic Outlook database from the IMF. In cases where countries meet the currency criteria for several continuous years, the authors use the first year of each 5-year window to identify the crisis. Using this approach the authors identify 218 currency crises from 1970 to 2011, of which, 10 occur from 2008 to 2011.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Sovereign Debt Crisis and Debt Restructuring Years ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sovereign debt crises occur when countries default on their sovereign debt to private creditors. The authors identify 66 sovereign debt crises using data taken from a &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Beim&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Beim&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Calomiris&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Calomiris&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; 2001 paper, the World Bank, a &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Sturzenegger&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sturzenegger&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Zettelmeyer&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zettelmeyer&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; 2006 paper, IMF staff reports, and reports from rating agencies. Similarly, the year of debt restructuring is the year a country restructures their debt. It is possible to have multiple crises and debt &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;restructurings&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;restructurings&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; in a single year, see Greece 2012. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Luc Laeven and Fabian Valencia. &amp;quot;Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update,&amp;quot; IMF Working Paper 12 (2012): 1-32. Accessed July 6, 2017. https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/_wp12163.ashx.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Independent Variable:&amp;amp;nbsp;Drivers of&amp;amp;nbsp;Crises&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The independent variables in this dataset describe countries&#039; internal economic conditions and their networked relationships, i.e. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Centrality_Scores centrality scores]. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Table_1:_Variable_List Table 1] lists each independent variable and provides its category, source, and definition. See additional information on data sources [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Data_Sources below].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Table 1: Variable List ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width: 668px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Variable Name&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Source Institution(s)&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Source Database(s)&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Definition&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 662px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Structural Variables&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP Growth Rate&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; International Monetary Fund (IMF)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[International_Futures_(IFs)|International Futures]] (IFs) &amp;amp; IMF&#039;s&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/index.aspx World Economic Outlook] (WEO)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, percent&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP at MER&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; IMF&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs &amp;amp; WEO&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP at Market Exchange Rates (billion USD), 2011 constant prices&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;GDPPCP&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDPPCP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; IMF&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs &amp;amp; WEO&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (thousand USD), 2011 constant prices&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; width: 662px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Financial Variables&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Ag&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;Pardee&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; Center, [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/default.asp United Nations&amp;amp;nbsp;Trade Statistics] (UNTS) &amp;amp;&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/welcome.asp CEPii]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[https://comtrade.un.org/ UN&amp;amp;nbsp;][https://comtrade.un.org/ Comtrade Database]&amp;amp;nbsp;(Comtrade) &amp;amp; CEPii&#039;s [http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=1 BACI]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the agricultural trade network meausured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Ag (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the agricultural trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Energy&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the energy trade networkmeasured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Energy (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the energy trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score ICT&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the ICT trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score ICT (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the energy trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Manufacturing&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the manufacturing trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Manufacturing (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the manufacturing trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Materials&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the materials trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Materials (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the materials trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Services&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/servicetrade/ UN Service Trade Statistics Database]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the services trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Services (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the services trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Total&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade, BACI, &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the total trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality Score Total (Percent)&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade, BACI, &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Centrality of country in the total trade network measured as a percent of a country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 111px; text-align: center;&amp;quot; colspan=&amp;quot;4&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Network Variables&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade, BACI, &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Energy Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral energy trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total ICT Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral ICT trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Manufacturing Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral manufacturing trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Materials Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral materials trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Services Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral services trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Agricultural Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral agricultural trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Trade&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total bilateral trade in millions of USD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Energy Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total energy trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total ICT Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total ICT trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Manufacturing Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total manufacturing trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Materials Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total materials trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Services Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center &amp;amp; UNTS&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; UN Service Trade Statistics Database&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total services trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 142px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total Agricultural Trade as a Percent of GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 126px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pardee Center, UNTS, &amp;amp; CEPii&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 118px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comtrade &amp;amp; BACI&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 260px;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Total agricultural trade as a percent of the partner country&#039;s GDP&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Data Sources ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most dyadic trade data comes from the [https://comtrade.un.org/ UN Comtrade Database], which houses the world&#039;s &amp;quot;official international trade statistics.&amp;quot; CEPii&amp;amp;nbsp;cleans the Comtrade data, so data has been pulled from its [http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=1 BACI Database] for ease of use. However, CEPii&amp;amp;nbsp;does not have dyadic trade data for the services sector, so data from the [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/servicetrade/default.aspx UN Service Trade Statistics Database]&amp;amp;nbsp;is blended with the CEPii&amp;amp;nbsp;data to get a complete trade balance. Both Comtrade and the Service Trade Statistics databases are managed by the [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/default.asp UN Trade Statistics] branch of the&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://unstats.un.org/home/ United Nations Statistics Division].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Centrality Scores ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Network analysis can be used to determine a country&#039;s centrality within a global network. In network analysis, centrality&amp;amp;nbsp;has been defined along the following dimensions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Reach&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- ability of an entity&amp;amp;nbsp;to reach other vertices&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Flow&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- quantity/weight of &amp;amp;nbsp;passing through entity&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Vitality&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- Effect of removing entity from the network&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;Feedback&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;- A recursive function of alter centralities&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Peter Hoff. &amp;quot;Centrality: Statistical Analysis of social networks.&amp;quot; (n.d). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from http://www.stat.washington.edu/people/pdhoff/courses/567/Notes/l6_centrality_paused.pdf.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
EconDash uses eigenvector centrality to determine the centrality of each country, or &amp;quot;node,&amp;quot; in&amp;amp;nbsp;a global&amp;amp;nbsp;network. Eigenvector centrality&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;assigns each node a relative score based on the centrality of its connections. Connections to higher-scoring nodes contribute more to a node&#039;s centrality score than connections to lower-scoring nodes. It uses a matrix calculation to iteratively determine each node&#039;s centrality score. The basic idea behind eigenvector centrality is that a central actor is connected to other central actors. It is distinct from the simpler degree centrality in that it weights connections rather than assigning a score based on the number of connections alone.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;Eigenvector Centrality.&amp;quot; (n.d.). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from https://www.sci.unich.it/~francesc/teaching/network/eigenvector.html.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In &amp;lt;span class=&amp;quot;scayt-misspell-word&amp;quot; data-scayt-word=&amp;quot;EconDash&amp;quot; data-scayt-lang=&amp;quot;en_US&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trade Networks visualization&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;, eigenvector centrality is used to analyze centrality of a country in a trade network in a particular year.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Data Structure ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Monadic Data ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Monadic data are those that describe one&amp;amp;nbsp;country in a single year with a structure of country-year. For example, Senegal&#039;s GDP per capita at PPP in 2012. In the EconDash&#039;s Trade Networks visualization, monadic variables include all Dependent Variables (i.e. crises),&amp;amp;nbsp;Structural Variables (i.e. economic statistics) and Financial Variables (i.e.centrality scores). While centrality scores are calculated based on a country&#039;s trade relationships with other countries (nodes) in the global network, countries receive a single, annual centrality score for each trade&amp;amp;nbsp;sector.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Dyadic Data ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dyadic data are those that describe the relationship between two countries in a single year with a structure of country-country-year. For example, total ICT trade between the US and China in 2015. In the EconDash&#039;s Trade Networks visualization, dyadic variables include all Network Variables (i.e. abosolute and relative levels of trade). The dyadic trade data is used to analyze bilateral trade levels between countries in the following sectors.&amp;amp;nbsp;Each sector is analyzed as percent of partner country&#039;s GDP as well as&amp;amp;nbsp;total intrasector trade in millions of US dollars:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Energy&lt;br /&gt;
#Manufacturing&lt;br /&gt;
#Information and Communication Technology (ICT)&lt;br /&gt;
#Materials&lt;br /&gt;
#Services&lt;br /&gt;
#Agriculture&lt;br /&gt;
#Total Trade&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= EconDash: Economic Vulnerabilities =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This interface focuses on economic vulnerabilities across countries across time. This interface&amp;amp;nbsp;is based on monadic independent variables from 1960 to 2015 and a binary dependent variable namely the occurrence of economic crises. This visualization also includes groups of the independent variables along with groups of countries developed on the basis of specific criteria. To access the dashboard click [[Here|here]].&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Navigating the interface ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EconDash viz 2.JPG|frame|right|sub|upright|Figure 4: Economic Vulnerabilities Interface (with description of all features)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The interface enables the user to view and analyze various independent variables across countries across time. The dashboard presents a world map populated with a relevant variable in a particular year. The variable is color scaled and a “valence” has been defined for each variable. For example, the demographic dividend moves from red to green (lowest to highest), whereas infant mortality moves from green to red (lowest value to highest value). There are three filters at the top right of the visualization that allow the user to select a relevant year, a relevant variable or indicator and a particular country group. The dashboard allows the user to play a particular variable over time so that the unfolding trend can be analyzed visually across countries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Below the map visualization, the user can see a line/bar graph describing the trend of the variable for the world as a whole over time. When a user hovers over a particular country, this line/bar graph describes the trend for the country instead of the world as a whole over time. Also note that this graph will show the trend over the entire time horizon even when the filter above is set to a particular year. This enables the user to understand the overall trend before selecting a particular country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under the line graph, the user can see what group a particular variable belongs to. For example, the variable demographic dividend belongs to the group ‘Demographic Vulnerabilities’.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in order to better understand vulnerability to crises, the dashboard helps the user analyze the same not just across countries but also across “groups” of countries. The basis of these groups include factors such as income levels, development levels, geographic region, exchange rate regime etc. The filter above the map visualization has an option for selection of country groups. This enables the user to see a cluster of countries and the variables for the same.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Media:Figure_4|Figure 4]]&amp;amp;nbsp;shows the interface along with all of its basic features. The country grouping function has been described in detail in the sections below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Defining variables and groups ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Dependent variable: Occurence of economic crises ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dependent variable (DV) was for the purpose of the second visualization was calculated on the basis of the percent change in the GDP at MER. The following steps were followed in the computation of the DV,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First, the percent change in GDP at MER was calculated from 1960 onwards using historical data and forecasts from IFs. A threshold&amp;amp;nbsp;was&amp;amp;nbsp;set for the DV, namely, where the change in the growth rate was lesser than -4%. A binary variable&amp;amp;nbsp;was&amp;amp;nbsp;computed i.e. the value in a particular year for a particular country was set to 1 where an economic crisis was said to occur, if the&amp;amp;nbsp;threshold&amp;amp;nbsp;was&amp;amp;nbsp;met.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The variable “Occurrence of Economic Crisis” that appears in the visualization is a combination of these three dependent variables.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Independent variables ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This display allows the user to view 44&amp;amp;nbsp;independent variables in addition to the dependent variable (described above) across countries and across time. All the variables have been grouped into seven main categories, namely,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;The Dependent variable&#039;&#039;&#039; (This is the occurrence of economic crisis that has been described above)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as Raw material imports, Food imports etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Financial vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as the average exchange rate, the balance of payments, capital account balance etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Environmental vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as the number of displacements on account of natural disasters, carbon emissions, precipitation change etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Political vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as polity scores, the occurrence of events of political instability etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Demographic vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as the population, youth bulge, dependency ratios etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
#&#039;&#039;&#039;Economic output dependencies and vulnerabilities&#039;&#039;&#039; (This group includes variables such as Exports, export diversification, GDP, GDP per capita etc.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Country grouping function ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EconDash viz2 groups.JPG|frame|right|upright|Figure 5: Display of the grouping function in the interface along with description of all components]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To better understand what drives economic crises, the visualization also gives the user the option to view the occurrence of crises across groups of countries in addition to individual countries. These groups were developed using specific criteria such as fuel imports, exchange rate regimes, levels of development etc. The user can currently select from up to 8 groups of countries with various sub-groups. The main groups are,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Levels of corruption&lt;br /&gt;
#Ease of doing business&lt;br /&gt;
#Fuel exports&lt;br /&gt;
#Income levels&lt;br /&gt;
#Currency regimes&lt;br /&gt;
#Anchor currency in the economy&lt;br /&gt;
#Credit rating for the country&lt;br /&gt;
#Development levels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5&amp;amp;nbsp;shows the country grouping function&amp;amp;nbsp;in the interface.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== List of variables presented in the interface ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;899&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Variable name&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Description&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Variable Group&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Occurrence Of Economic Crisis&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Binary variable that describes the occurrence of economic crisis.&amp;amp;nbsp; Derived using change in the GDP growth rates of a country over time.&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Dependent variable&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Raw Materials Import&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Raw materials imports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Agricultural Import Dependence&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Agricultural imports as a percentage of food demand&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Average Exchange Rate (National Currency To USD)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Avg. Exchange Rate, NC/US$, Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Capital Account Balance&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Balance of payments: Capital account (net)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Climate Vulnerability Index&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Index of climate change vulnerability from Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Carbon Emissions&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Annual carbon emissions&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Corruption Perception Index&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Corruption scores from transparency international&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Current Account (As A Percent Of GDP)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Current account balance as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Demographic Dividend&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Ratio of the working population to that of non-working population&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Discount Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Discount Rate, Percent per annum&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Diversification Index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; (Exports)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Diversification index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; Exports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic output dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Diversification Index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; (Imports)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Diversification index&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp; Imports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic input dependencies and vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Economic Freedom Score&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Economic freedom scores from fraser international&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Education (Years Of Schooling)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Average years of schooling&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Educational Attainment&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Education- Average years of Education between ages 15 to 24&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Electricity Access&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Percent of population with electricity access&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Input Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Exports As A Percent Of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Exports as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Output Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | FDI Inflows As A Percent Of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | FDI Inflows as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Input Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Foreign Exchange Reserves (Including Gold)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Foreign Exchange Reserves (Including Gold)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Sociopolitical Freedom Score&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Socio-Political Freedom&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | GDP Growth Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Growth rate of GDP at MER&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Output Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | GDP Per Capita At PPP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Economic Output Dependencies and Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Government Effectiveness&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Government Effectiveness&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Government Expenditure As A Percent Of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Government expenditure as a percent of GDP&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Gross Savings (% Of GDP)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Gross savings (% of GDP)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | IGO Membership&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Membership in international organizations&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Index&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation (End Of Period Consumer Prices)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Index&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation, end of period consumer prices&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Infant Mortality&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Deaths per 1000 infants born&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Internal War Magnitude&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Magnitude defined by PITF on the basis of number of casualties&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Internal War Occurrence&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Occurrence of internal war (binary variable)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Lending Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Lending Rate, Percent per annum&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Life Expectancy&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Average life expectancy at birth&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Middle Income Trap (Binary)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Middle income trap (binary)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | National Currency Per SDR&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | National Currency per SDR, Period average, Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Percent Change&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation ( End Of Period Consumer Prices)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Percent change&amp;amp;nbsp; Inflation, end of period consumer prices&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Polity Score&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Polity scores from 0-20&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Political Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Population&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Population in millions&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Precipitation Change&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Percent change in precipitation since 1990&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Ratio Of Gdp Growth Rate To That Of The US&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Ratio of GDP growth rate to that of the US&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | National Currency Per SDR&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | SDR, National Currency per SDR, Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Treasury Bill Rate&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Treasury Bill Rate, Percent per annum&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Urban Population (Percent Of Total Population)&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Urban population as a percent of total population&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Demographic Vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;40&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | Water Demand As A Percent Of Freshwater Resources&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | Annual water demand as a proportion of exploitable water resources&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Environmental vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;321&amp;quot; | GDP At MER&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;387&amp;quot; | GDP at Market Exchange Rates&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;191&amp;quot; | Financial vulnerabilities&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== List of country groups presented in the interface&amp;amp;nbsp; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;988&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;380&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Group name&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Description&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;100&amp;quot; | Corruption grouping&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Countries with a TI index score of greater than 5 are defined as &amp;quot;more transparent&amp;quot; and those with a score of less than 5 are defined as &amp;quot;less transparent&amp;quot;. From 2012 onwards with a revision in the way the index is structured, countries with an index score of higher than 50 were defined as &amp;quot;more transparent&amp;quot; and those with lower than 50 were defined as &amp;quot;less transparent&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;140&amp;quot; | Ease of doing business&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Countries are grouped into four quartiles on the basis of ranks on the ease of doing business scores from the World Bank,&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;1. First quartile- Least ease of doing business (Ranked less than 48 on the index)&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;2. Second quartile- Ranked between 47 and 97&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;3. Third quartile- Ranked between 97 and 144&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;4. Fourth quartile- Most ease in doing business Ranked 145 and higher&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;2. Second quartile-&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;60&amp;quot; | Fuel exports&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Where , less than 35 percent of exports are made up of fuels, countries are classified as &amp;quot;Low percentage&amp;quot; and where more than 35 percent of exports are made up of fuel, they are classified as &amp;quot;High percentage&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Income levels&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Based on income level definition from the world bank&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Currency regime&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Currency regime definitions from the IMF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Anchor currency&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Anchor currency in the economy as identified by the IMF&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Credit rating&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Credit ratings in 2016 from Fitch&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Development levels&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;608&amp;quot; | Development levels defined by the IMF&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=International_Energy_Agency_(IEA)&amp;diff=9165</id>
		<title>International Energy Agency (IEA)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=International_Energy_Agency_(IEA)&amp;diff=9165"/>
		<updated>2018-09-10T23:54:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The &#039;&#039;&#039;International Energy Agency commenced&#039;&#039;&#039; its operation in 1974 under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The IEA is the energy forum for 26 Member countries, all from the OECD, to improve the world’s energy supply and to promote reliable databases for energy-related information. IEA member governments are committed to sharing energy information, to co-ordinating their energy policies and to co-operating in the development of rational energy programs. IEA publishes monthly reports on electricity, natural gas, prices, and the oil market. The&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/ &#039;&#039;World Energy Outlook&#039;&#039;]&amp;amp;nbsp;is the IEA&#039;s most comprehensive publication, and is considerd &amp;quot; the world’s most authoritative source of energy market analysis and projections.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The main IEA sources used by IFs are the &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;World Energy Balances (WEB)&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;and &amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;World Energy Statistics (WES)&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;,&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;databases assocated with the &#039;&#039;World Energy Outlook.&#039;&#039; They contain variables such as the production, trade, and consumption of coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables, and waste for OECD countries and over 100 non-OECD countries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Data Acquisition =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike most data used in IFs, IEA data from the WEB and WES are not open source. The data must be purchased from the IEA and is delivered on two CD-ROMs.[http://www.iea.org/bookshop/730-World_Energy_Statistics_and_Balances_2016 [1]]&amp;amp;nbsp;Each disc runs on a database management software program called Beyond 20/20 that comes loaded on the discs, along with the data. Financial support for the purchase of the IEA data is available from a University Library Association grant. Pardee successfully applied for grant funding through this program for the 2017 update with the help of staff at&amp;amp;nbsp;the Anderson Academic Commons at the University of Denver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Documentation =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Full documentation is available for each dataset detailing its contents, structure, definitions, geographical coverage, etc.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/worldbal_documentation.pdf World Energy Balances 2016 Database Documentation]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/WORLDBES_Documentation.pdf World&amp;amp;nbsp;Energy Statistics 2016 Database Documentation]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Batch Pull =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IEA update is performed as a batch pull that includes &#039;&#039;&#039;138 series&#039;&#039;&#039; using the Batch Data Update feature in IFs. In the display, &amp;quot;IEA&amp;quot; is the Source and the&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;IEA Countries&amp;quot; country list is used for country concordance. For the Code Location in Source Data portion of the update form, the source Excel must be formatted so that each Code in Source term is in a different column. For example, SeriesEnImportsOilProductsIEA&#039;s Code in Source is&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;quot;Imports.Oil products,&amp;quot; so there should be two columns with &amp;quot;Imports&amp;quot; in one and &amp;quot;Oil products&amp;quot; in the next.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Series Codes =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because this is a batch pull, each series needs a Code in addition to a variable name to be imported. The Codes are listed in the DataDict, and should match&amp;amp;nbsp;the series name in the IEA source database. For the 2017 update, series on the WEB and WES discs were organized by two parameters, FLOW and PRODUCT, where FLOW is the first term of the Code and PRODUCT is the second term of the Code. [NOTE: Drag and drop FLOW, PRODUCT, UNIT,&amp;amp;nbsp;and COUNTRY to column and row headers to reconfigure the display in Beyond 20/20.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Example&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Variable:&amp;amp;nbsp;EnImportsOilProductsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Code:&amp;amp;nbsp;Imports.Oil products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FLOW: Imports&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
PRODUCT: Oil products&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:IEA Beyond 2020 screenshot.png|800px|IEA Beyond 2020 screenshot.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Pulling and Formatting the Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Pulling ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ideally, the IEA series are pulled from the discs in bulk. As of the 2017 update, Beyond 20/20 limits the number of records that can be exported at one time, preventing all the data from being exported at once; however, it is possible to pull all records by PRODUCT&amp;amp;nbsp;or FLOW. For example, it is possible to pull all natural gas or oil products series&amp;amp;nbsp;at once from the WEB disc. Pull the data by assembling the correct configuration in Beyond 20/20, then going to File&amp;gt;Save As and saving it as a .xls file. It is also possible to copy and past individual (or a few) series into an Excel by highlighting them, but not a large number of series at once. [NOTE: The directly exported Excel file did not work on Pardee computers due to a policy setting issue, so the data&amp;amp;nbsp;had to be copied and pasted into a new sheet to be manipulated]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:IEA Beyond 2020 screenshot 2.png|800px|IEA Beyond 2020 screenshot 2.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Formatting ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once the series have been pulled by PRODUCT or FLOW, they need to be cleaned. Missing data are marked with a &amp;quot;..&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;x&amp;quot;, or &amp;quot;n,&amp;quot; so remove these with a Find+Replace. The data can then be imported with the Batch Import tool using the Codes assocated with the FLOW and PRODUCT, along with the country name. It may be necessary to also clean the Codes, for example if there is a unit listed parenthetically after the name of the product (i.e. &amp;quot;Solar thermal (TJ-net)&amp;quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:IEA Excel ex.png|800px|IEA Excel ex.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Conversions =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the necessary conversion for these series are done automatically through the Batch Import form. However, 22 series had to be converted manually for the the 2017 update from terajoules (TJ) to kilotones of energy equivalent (ktoe). The conversion factor used for these series is from the&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/unitconverter/ IEA Unit Converter]:&amp;amp;nbsp;TJ value*0.0238845897. These series include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;320&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;320&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermalTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdBiogasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdIndustrialWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdMunicipalWasteNonRenewableCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdMunicipalWasteRenewableCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdnonspecPrimaryBiomassWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdSolarThermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdnonspecPrimaryBiomassWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= DataDict =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Variable: &#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size: 13px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Variable names were not changed from previous years this data was pulled, and no additional variables were added for the 2017 pull.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Table:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Code in Source:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Subgroups:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed form previoys years this data was pulled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Definitions and Units:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;These&amp;amp;nbsp;were not changed from previous years this data was pulled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Extended Source Defn: &#039;&#039;&#039;All were marked as &amp;quot;No Extended Source&amp;quot; for 2017 pull.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Units:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;These were not changed from previous years; the units used in this dataset are BBOE and GwHr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Years:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;Years for every series were changed to available data provided through the database. Most series begin&amp;amp;nbsp;in 1960 with the exception of EnExportsOilIEA, EnImportsOiliIEA, and EnProdOilIEA, which begin in 1971. All extend&amp;amp;nbsp;through either 2014 or 2015 as of the 2017 update.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Source:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;The source name used in the 2017 update for all batch pull IEA series is &amp;quot;IEA (International Energy Agency) Batch Pull.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Original Source:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;The original source used in the 2017 update for all series is the &amp;quot;World Energy Outlook.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Notes: &#039;&#039;&#039;Notes were updated to reflect the source disc for the series (WEB or WES), any conversion factors used, and the appropriate initials.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Aggregation:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;Aggregations were not changed from pervious updates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Disaggregation:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;Disaggregations were not changed from previous updates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Name in source:&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Names were updated based on the name of each variable as it is displayed in the Beyond 20/20 database format; generally matches the Code in Source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Decimal places:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;These&amp;amp;nbsp;were not changed from previous years this data was pulled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Country Concordance:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;IEA Countries were used (and updated for the 2017 pull, see below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Formula:&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;These&amp;amp;nbsp;were not changed from previous years this data was pulled, and are either blank or convert data to BBOE or GwHr.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Preprocessor Series =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Of the 138&amp;amp;nbsp;IEA Batch Pull series, 24 are preprocessor. These series should be first priority in any IEA batch update. They include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;175&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;175&amp;quot; | EnExportsCoalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsNatGasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsOilIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsOilProductsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsPeatIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsTotalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsCoalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsNatGasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsOilIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsOilProductsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsPeatIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsTotalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdBiodieselIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdBiogasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdCoalIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdGeothermIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdHydroIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdNatGasIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdNuclearIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdOilIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdSolarPhotoIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdSolarThermIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdTideWaveOceanIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdWindIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Non-Preprocessor Series =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are 114 nonpreprocessor series included in the IEA update. They include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;64&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;64&amp;quot; | EnConBiodieselTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiodieselTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasolineTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasolineTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiogasTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConBiomassTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCoalIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCoalOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCoalResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCoalTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCoalTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCombustRenewWasteIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCombustRenewWasteOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCombustRenewWasteResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCombustRenewWasteTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConCombustRenewWasteTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConElecIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConElecOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConElecResidentIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConElecTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConElecTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConGeothermIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConGeothermOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConGeothermResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConGeothermTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConNatGasIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConNatGasOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConNatGasResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConNatGasTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConNatGasTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConOtherBiofuelsIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConOtherBiofuelsTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConOtherBiofuelsTransportIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermalTotIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermIndustrialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermOtherIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnConSolarThermResidentialIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsBiodieselIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsBiogasolineIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsCombustRenewWasteIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsElecGwHrIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsElecIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExportsOtherBiofuelsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdBioDieselsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdBiogasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdBiogasolineCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdCharcoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdIndustrialWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdMunicipalWasteNonRenewableCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdMunicipalWasteRenewableCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdnonspecPrimaryBiomassWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdOtherLiquidbiofuelsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdOtherSourcesCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdPrimarySolidGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdSolarThermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdSPVCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdTideWaveOCeanCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnExpProdWindCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsBiodieselIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsBiogasolineIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsElecGwHrIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsElecIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnImportsOtherBiofuelsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecCoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecCombustibleRenewableWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecCrudeNGLFeedstocksCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecElectricityCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecGeothermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecHeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecHydroCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecNuclearCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecOilProductsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecPeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecSolarWindOtherCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnOutputElecTotalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdBiogasolineIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdBiomassIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdCoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdCombustibleRenewableWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdCombustRenewWasteIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdCrudeNGLFeedstocksCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdElectricityCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdGeothermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdHeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdHydroCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdNuclearCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdOilProductsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdOtherBiofuelsIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdPeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdSolarWindOtherCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnProdTotalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESCoalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESCombustibleRenewableWasteCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESCrudeNGLFeedstocksCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESElectricityCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESGasCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESGeothermalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESHeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESHydroCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESNuclearCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESOilProductsCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESPeatCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESSolarWindOtherCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | EnTPESTotalCDIEA&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Country Concordance =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is a unique country concordance table for the IEA series called &amp;quot;IEA Countries.&amp;quot; This table should be checked for accuracy at the time of each update. For the 2017 update, the following countries had to be updated (to the form listed):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;279&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;279&amp;quot; | Bosnia and Herzegovina&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Democratic Republic of the Congo&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Hong Kong (China)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Democratic People&#039;s Republic of Korea&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Libya&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Moldova&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;279&amp;quot; | Mauritius&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Niger&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Suriname&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | South Sudan&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Tanzania&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Viet Nam&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9164</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.36 (September 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9164"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:59:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9163</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9163"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:59:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Please cite as:&amp;amp;nbsp;Irfan, T. Mohammod.&amp;amp;nbsp;2018.&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;IFs Labor&amp;amp;nbsp;Model Documentation.&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO. Accessed DD Month YYYY &amp;amp;lt;https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Labor&amp;amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We collapse GTAP’s 57 sectors into the six economic sectors of IFs. GTAP collapses the nine occupation categories of ISCO-88 into five. In IFs those five categories are collapsed into a binary – skilled and unskilled. The sectoral and skill mappings are described in two appendices of these document.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborCoefficientFunctions.png|frame|center|665x445px|Labor coefficient functions by skill type for the agriculture and the manufacturing sector]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IFs economic model documentation has a detail description of the informal economy model.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9162</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9162"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:56:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We collapse GTAP’s 57 sectors into the six economic sectors of IFs. GTAP collapses the nine occupation categories of ISCO-88 into five. In IFs those five categories are collapsed into a binary – skilled and unskilled. The sectoral and skill mappings are described in two appendices of these document.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborCoefficientFunctions.png|frame|center|665x445px|Labor coefficient functions by skill type for the agriculture and the manufacturing sector]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IFs economic model documentation has a detail description of the informal economy model.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9161</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9161"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:55:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We collapse GTAP’s 57 sectors into the six economic sectors of IFs. GTAP collapses the nine occupation categories of ISCO-88 into five. In IFs those five categories are collapsed into a binary – skilled and unskilled. The sectoral and skill mappings are described in two appendices of these document.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborCoefficientFunctions.png|frame|center|665x445px|Labor coefficient functions by skill type for the agriculture and the manufacturing sector]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IFs economic model documentation has a detail description of the informal economy model.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9160</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9160"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:54:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We collapse GTAP’s 57 sectors into the six economic sectors of IFs. GTAP collapses the nine occupation categories of ISCO-88 into five. In IFs those five categories are collapsed into a binary – skilled and unskilled. The sectoral and skill mappings are described in two appendices of these document.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborCoefficientFunctions.png|frame|center|665x445px|Labor coefficient functions by skill type for the agriculture and the manufacturing sector]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9159</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9159"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:54:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We collapse GTAP’s 57 sectors into the six economic sectors of IFs. GTAP collapses the nine occupation categories of ISCO-88 into five. In IFs those five categories are collapsed into a binary – skilled and unskilled. The sectoral and skill mappings are described in two appendices of these document.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborCoefficientFunctions.png|frame|center|665x225px|Labor coefficient functions by skill type for the agriculture and the manufacturing sector ]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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		<title>File:LaborCoefficientFunctions.png</title>
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		<updated>2018-09-07T22:52:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
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		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9157</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
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		<updated>2018-09-07T22:48:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We collapse GTAP’s 57 sectors into the six economic sectors of IFs. GTAP collapses the nine occupation categories of ISCO-88 into five. In IFs those five categories are collapsed into a binary – skilled and unskilled. The sectoral and skill mappings are described in two appendices of these document.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp; and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9156</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9156"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:47:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp;The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9155</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9155"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:44:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9154</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9154"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:44:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9153</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9153"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:43:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;, the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9152</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9152"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:41:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LaborSubsets.png|frame|right|Relationship among various labor measurement]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf for a discussion &amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=File:LaborSubsets.png&amp;diff=9151</id>
		<title>File:LaborSubsets.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=File:LaborSubsets.png&amp;diff=9151"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:37:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
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		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9150</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9150"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:35:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9149</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9149"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:30:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
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= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm&amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GTAP database helped us compute wage rates by sector and skill.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[1]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9148</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9148"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:26:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[1]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9147</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9147"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:25:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= References =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9146</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9146"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:24:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19th International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9145</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9145"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:11:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”[[#_ftn1|[1]]] National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs[[#_ftn3|[3]]]; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9144</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9144"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:11:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”[[#_ftn1|[1]]] National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs[[#_ftn3|[3]]]; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9143</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9143"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:10:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width:242px;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;height:49px;&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;
Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”[[#_ftn1|[1]]] National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs[[#_ftn3|[3]]]; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9142</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9142"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:10:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
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The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
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== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
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In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
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Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
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*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
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== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
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{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
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= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
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The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
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There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”[[#_ftn1|[1]]] National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs[[#_ftn3|[3]]]; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&lt;br /&gt;
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== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
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IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
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For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
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The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
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= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
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IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
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The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
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These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
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At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
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:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9141</id>
		<title>Labor</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Labor&amp;diff=9141"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:09:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;Workers in an economy supply the expertise and the efforts needed to produce goods and services. In return the labor receives wages that they use to meet their current and future consumption needs. On one hand, shortage of labor with required skills prevents economies from realizing their growth potential. On the other hand, individuals falling short of the right qualifications might remain unemployed or underemployed failing to secure income needed for a decent living. The ongoing adjustments to find the best match between skills, jobs and wages can only be studied through a dynamic model of the labor market.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Such a model should go beyond providing a reasonable answer to the obvious question of why employment and wages go up and down. An aggregate labor market must deal with issues that have strong interconnections with various other dynamic changes in the greater society. What kind of dividend of deficit can a society expect from its labor force given the phase of demographic transition in which it is situated? How severely would aging affect the pool of working age adults? Might increasing female participation rates offset some of the losses from aging? What is the level of skills and educational attainment in a society? These supply phenomena move relatively slowly unless there are huge disruptions, like a war or famine, or an aggressive policy push. The demand side, in contrast, needs to be more responsive in adjusting wages and employment given the investment and technology in the various sectors of the broader economy. In general, though, the labor market demonstrates some sluggishness compared to the goods and services markets as it involves moving human beings with various limitations. Consumption of goods and services depend on the income earned by the labor. Uneven distribution of employment and wages among labors of various types or between labor and capital for a long period of time can give rise to persistent inequality in a society. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Conceptual Framework ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor markets are markets for workers and jobs. In a labor market, employers meet their demand for labor with the supply of people willing to work at the wage the employers can offer. The employers raise the wage when there is a shortage of workers. Workers agree to take a lower wage when there are more of them than the firms need. In the real-world labor markets do not always clear at perfect equilibrium. Frinctional unemployment results for various reasons, for example, the search time between jobs. Structural unemployment can result from technology induced disruptions. Some unemployment could thus persist in the labor market even when there aren’t any short-term fluctuations. There is also the phenomenon of informal employment that consists of less sophisticated workers and entrepreneurs engaged in unregulated economic activities. &amp;amp;nbsp;In a dynamic model that covers the entire economy, the real wage earned by the labor drives the income and social mobility.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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To understand the long-term dynamics of the labor market, we need also examine the deeper determinants of labor demand and supply, the determinants that can shift the curves. Labor demand changes over time with the changes in demand for goods and services and the labor input needed to produce those. Labor productivity itself improves with technological progress. Long term transitions in the supply of labor are mostly demographic. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor supply is determined by the working age population and the share of that population who are available for participation in the workforce. The labor supply is relatively stable as the demographic changes are slow in pace. As the share of elderly in the population increases, a recent trend in many societies, the rate of participation declines. Some of the aging impacts will be offset by the greater female participation rates, a second trend that surfaces as economies develop and women attain more education. Educational attainment also drives the general skill level of workers, male and female. Specific skills are obtained through training and experience that augment the knowledge obtained through general and specialized education. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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It is the demand side that causes most of the short-term imbalances in the labor market. &amp;amp;nbsp;In the long term, as said earlier, the important driver of demand for labor and their skills is technological progress. Labor requirement drops with advances in technology, more so for less skilled labor. Labor composition changes accordingly both within and across sectors. Rapid advances in technology can also cause disruption in the system when there is not much opening in the other sectors. Labor displacement is offset to some extent by the growth in the economy and the resulting increase in total demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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As we have already mentioned, employees maximize income and the firms minimize labor costs. When there are more laborers than the firms can hire, there is unemployment. Shifts in the rates of unemployment impacts wage, the price of labor. For example, wages drop in the event of rising unemployment as there are more people to hire from. Wage adjustments feed back to the demand for labor seeking to bring the market back to equilibrium.&lt;br /&gt;
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The challenges around the conceptual distinction between unemployment and employment is further complicated by the phenomenon of informal employment. In many developing countries there is a large urban non-agricultural informal sector where low-skilled workers work for wages typically lower than a formal employment.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:LMFlowchart1.png|frame|center|Description of the labor model]]&lt;br /&gt;
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== Dominant Relations ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The labor model in the International Futures system (IFs) balances the total supply of labor with the total labor demanded by all economic sectors. Total labor (LAB) is computed from the working age population and the labor participation rate. Population forecasts are obtained from the IFs demographic model. Participation rates (LABPARR) are computed by sex with a catchup algorithm for the female participation towards that for the male. Labor is also disaggregated by skill level, as determined by educational attainment, in a separate labor supply variable (LABSUP) which is used to distribute labor earnings by skill level. [** LABSUP do not affect the demand/supply balance now]&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor demands (LABDEMS) are driven by sectoral technology functions used to compute the labor requirement by skill level for each unit of potential valued added in the sector. These labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied with the projected value added for the sector to compute the needed manpower. The balancing mechanisms determines the labor employed in each of the sectors (LABS).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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The balancing, in the current version of the model, can be done in one of the two ways. In the first method, total needs combined from all economic sectors is normalized to the available pool of labor computed by subtracting the unemployed from those who are at or looking for work. The rate of unemployment is kept at its natural rate for which we use the base year rate of unemployment. (** This might need to be changed for countries where the market is undergoing some abrupt transition.)&lt;br /&gt;
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In the second balancing method, added in a recent revision of the model, total demand is equilibrated to supply through a CGE like market equilibrium model. An indexed wage (LABWAGEIND) and the rate of unemployment (LABUNEMPR) work as the equilibrating variables. As unemployment deviates from the target, PID algorithms send a signal for the wage to adjust. Wage adjustments cause adjustments in the “base” labor demands by sector computed from the labor-coefficient functions as described earlier. Wage signals also affects the labor participation rate. The magnitude of impact on the supply side is much lower than that on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
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Wage and unemployment rate are aggregated for the total labor market. The wage index starts with a base year value of 1 and the unemployment rates start with the historical data for the base year. Initial year unemployment rate works as the target for long term unemployment.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Key Dynamics ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The following key dynamics are directly related to the dominant relations:&lt;br /&gt;
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*Labor supply is determined from population of appropriate age in the population model (see its dominant relations and dynamics) and endogenous labor force participation rates, influenced exogenously by the growth of female participation.&lt;br /&gt;
*Labor demand is driven by sectoral demand functions driven by technological progress&lt;br /&gt;
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== Structure and Agent System ==&lt;br /&gt;
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{| border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:502px;&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor market&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor supply by skill level and labor demand by sector for each skill category represented within an equilibrium-seeking model with wage and unemployment rate as the equilibrating variables&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Population, labor, education, &amp;amp;nbsp;accumulated technology&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Participation rate; Coefficients of labor demand; Employment (unemployment); Wage&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Labor supply is driven by demographic changes; Participation of female change over time; Labor requirement changes with technological development; Unemployment rate drives wage; Wage movements affect labor demand and participation rate&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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&#039;&#039;&#039;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
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Households and work/leisure, and female participation patterns;&lt;br /&gt;
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Firms and hiring;&lt;br /&gt;
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= Labor Model Data =&lt;br /&gt;
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The labor supply and unemployment data that we use in our model is from International Labor Organization (ILO). For data on the demand side, we used data from the Global Trade Analysis Project. Wage variable used in the equilibration algorithm &amp;amp;nbsp;is an index anchored to the base year of the model. IFs preprocessor prepared these data for model use using various estimation, conversion and reconciliation processes.&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Definitional Issues ==&lt;br /&gt;
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There are ambiguities in the way some of the labor market variables are defined. Labor participation rates and the rate of unemployment are two that need special attention.&lt;br /&gt;
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The size of the labor supply available for economic activities is expressed with the labor force participation rate. ILO defines this as a “measure of the proportion of country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work.”[[#_ftn1|[1]]] National labor force surveys and census data are used to estimate this rate. The definition of labor force here includes both employed and unemployed and the rate is expressed as a percentage of working-age population. Working-age population is defined here as the population above legal working-age. For international comparability, ILO adopts a convenient minimum threshold of fifteen years as working age and avoids putting any upper age limit. In practice, both the minimum and the upper-age limits can vary by country. For example, the working-age in the USA is sixteen years. In the Netherlands the upper age limit is seventy-five years, whereas South African data uses an upper age limit of 64[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
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Ambiguities are more abundant in the definition of unemployment. ILO came up with a guideline on this as well. Per the ILO guideline, the unemployed are those among the working-age population who are not employed, are available for work and are actively looking for jobs[[#_ftn3|[3]]]; the unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage of those who are in the labor force. The availability and job-seeker status could be defined in different ways giving rise to incompatibility in data. &amp;amp;nbsp;While there seems to be little room for disagreement on whether someone is at work or not, whether that work should be considered as employment is contested at many times.&lt;br /&gt;
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The debates around the nature and type of employment can range from gainfulness to workplace setting. For example, a large number of workers in the low-income low-regulation developing countries work outside the purview of formal enterprises. According to an ILO estimate, more than half of the global labor force and more than 90% of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) worldwide are in the so called informal economy[[#_ftn4|[4]]]. This might explain the apparently counterintuitive pattern of low unemployment rate in some low-income countries (e.g., 2.2% for Guatemala) and relatively higher numbers for some of the developed nations. The low numbers in the poorer countries hide the prevalence of extremely low wage jobs in the informal sectors in these countries, the only options for the vulnerable people in the absence of any kind of social safety net. &amp;amp;nbsp;Contrastingly, in the developed countries the so called ‘gig-economy’ is attracting more and more workers who choose to work on their own rather than in a formal enterprise. ILO conceptualization makes the informal work part of total employment. The stacked Venn diagram below presents the relationship among the labor force metric including informal employment. IFs also models informal economy both in terms of GDP share and employment share of informal in the total economy and employment.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] [http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf http://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Documents/description_LFPR_EN.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] [https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf https://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/technical_notes.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref3|[3]]] The definitions around employed and unemployed were agreed upon by nations through the ‘Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labor underutilization’ adopted by the 19&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;th&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; International Conference of Labor Statisticians (ICLS) in 2013. (Bourmpoula et al, 2017: 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref4|[4]]] [http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/employment-promotion/informal-economy/lang--en/index.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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Incompatibility can arise in the treatment of various population groups for the computation of the denominator for participation and unemployment rates[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. ILO makes their best efforts to make adjustments in the data for the sake of international comparison. For example, ILO asks countries that deviate from ILO guidelines to collect data needed to convert national figures to ILO figures. It is likely that some differences might have slipped past the adjustment process. We use ILO data and continue to update our database from ILO on a regular basis.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For example, the USA excludes people in the defense services and those in the prisons or mental asylums in their computation of the civilian non-institutional working-age population. There are also variations in the treatments of students, those recently laid-off, and family workers. Please see [https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf https://stats.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/06/art1full.pdf] for a discussion&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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The GTAP data that we use for the demand side of the labor model is taken as labor headcounts and is thus immune from ambiguities around rate computation. As far as we could gather[[#_ftn1|[1]]], the data includes both the formal and informal employment. We also need mention here that the GTAP database reconciles the labor data to calibrate the general equilibrium modeling that they do for the trade analyses. The data could thus be somewhat different from data collected through direct surveys. As a CGE model IFs is benefited by using calibrated data.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Please see the webpage for documentation on GTAP labor data statistic: [https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248 https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=3248]&lt;br /&gt;
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== Sources of Labor Data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs model uses ILO data for labor participation rates and for the unemployment rate. The data in IFs are collected from World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. According to their documentation, WDI obtained the data from the ILO.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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Unemployment rate data in IFs is also collected from WDI. Like the participation rates WDI also obtains their unemployment data from ILO.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For employment and labor demand data IFs uses Purdue University’s Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. GTAP collects and compiles factor payments, imports, and intersectoral flow data to calibrate CGE models of national economies for trade and other analyses. In their ninth release in 2016, GTAP published data for 140 countries and regions for the year 2011. The earlier GTAP releases, which the IFs model used for its previous versions, compiled data for the years 2004 and 2007. GTAP data release aggregates economic activities into 57 commodities and activities following International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The IFs model maps the 57 GTAP sectors into six economic sectors of IFs – agriculture, energy, material and mining, manufacture, services and ICT. Appendix 2 presents two tables listing the sectors mapping between IFs and GTAP, and GTAP and ISIC. GTAP further disaggregates labor in each of the commodities/activities into five occupation and skill categories following the nine category International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). The IFs model collapses five GTAP occupation categories into the simple IFs dichotomy of skilled and unskilled. The mapping of occupations and skills are presented in the third appendix of this document. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The data in the main GTAP database, prepared for CGE modeling, are all in dollar unit and thus do not include labor headcounts. We have used a ‘satellite’ GTAP database[[#_ftn2|[2]]] for labor headcounts by skill and sector. The labor counts were also used to plot labor requirement functions for each of the IFs economic sectors and skill categories. The wage share of skilled and unskilled labor in each sector was computed using the labor headcounts and labor payments.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The name of the IFs table is SeriesLaborUnemploy%&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] See Weingarden and Tsigas, 2010 for the details on the preparation of this database.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Scope of IFs Labor Model ==&lt;br /&gt;
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The IFs labor model simulates labor market at the national level. Each national labor market forecasts labor demand and employment by six sectors - agriculture, energy, mining, manufacture, services and ICT- and two skill levels - skilled and unskilled. The supply side do not have sectoral representation. IFs forecasts total labor force and labor supply by the two skill levels. Labor participation rate is computed in IFs by gender. Wage and unemployment rate is forecast for the overall labor market only.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
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== Labor Model Pre-processor ==&lt;br /&gt;
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IFs system has a data preprocessor that prepares the initial conditions for the model using historical databases and various assumptions and estimated relationships to fill in the missing data and make data adjustments as needed[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. Pre-processing of labor data takes place in two IFs pre-processing modules. Labor participation rate data, which is closely related to demography, is processed in the population pre-processor. Unemployment rate and labor demand data are processed in the economic pre-processor. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] For more details, please see ‘The Data Pre-Processor of International Futures (IFs)” by Barry B. Hughes (with Mohammod Irfan) at [http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/preprocessorv1_0.pdf]&lt;br /&gt;
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=== Pre-processing Labor participation rate and unemployment ===&lt;br /&gt;
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For initializing labor participation rates by sex (LABPARR) the model uses the historical values from the base year or the most recent year with data[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. For countries with no data we use regression relationships of the participation rates, for men and for women, with income per capita. The relationships, shown in the next figure, are not great. However, the functions affect only five countries for which we do not have any data at all: Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Seychelles and South Sudan[[#_ftn2|[2]]].&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] The data tables that the IFs model pre-processor use for initializing labor participation rates are: SeriesLaborParRate15PlusFemale%, SeriesLaborParRate15PlusMale%.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref2|[2]]] We should try to collect participation rate for these countries from country sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs data series SeriesLaborUnemploy% is used for the initialization of unemployment rates. That series has annual unemployment rates for one or more years between 1980 and 2016, for 181 of the 186 IFs countries. For five countries (Grenada, Kosovo, Micronesia, Taiwan and South Sudan[[#_ftn1|[1]]]) there is no data at all. To fill in the missing data we use a regression function of unemployment rate against GDP per capita. Like the participation rate functions, this function does also not have much of an explanatory power.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] These are pretty much the same countries for which we do not have any participation rate data. This indicates ILO might have some administrative limitation in reporting data for these countries (notice Kosovo, Seychelles etc in the list)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Pre-processing labor demand and unemployment from GTAP ===&lt;br /&gt;
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The IFs economic pre-processor reads labor headcount and labor payment data from the GTAP database. In addition to performing sector and occupation/skill mapping between GTAP and IFs, pre-processor also use the labor headcount data to compute labor coefficient functions, the principal driver of labor demand in the IFs model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor coefficients are defined as the amount of labor needed to produce one unit of value added in a certain sector of the economy. The coefficients depend on the level of technology. The model uses GDP per capita as an indicator of the level of technological development. IFs pre-processor estimates labor coefficient functions for labor of different skill levels for the different sectors of the economy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The functions are derived from GTAP data we described earlier. The model pre-processor reads data on factor payments and aggregates data from 57 GTAP sectors to six IFs sectors. Shares of payment going to skilled and less-skilled workers in each of the sectors are then computed. Countries are grouped according to their level of technological development as represented by per capita income. For each group labor coefficients are obtained by taking an average of the country coefficients. &amp;amp;nbsp;We also convert labor payments data to labor headcount data using per capita income as a proxy for average wage. Labor coefficients and income are then plotted into a power function relationship. The figure below plots some of those labor functions.&amp;amp;nbsp; The functions fit quite well with a power law formulation[[#_ftn1|[1]]].&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[#_ftnref1|[1]]] This is interesting given the prevalence of power law in all sorts of scale-up activities (West 2017).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Flowcharts =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The diagram below shows an outline of the IFs labor model. On the supply side, the total labor pool (LAB) is computed from the labor force participation rates, by sex, (LABPARR) and the population (POP) in their working age, i.e., population over 15 (POP15TO65 + POPGT65). Participation rates are driven by the demographic changes with an additional negative impact from aging and a catch-up in female participation rate. Skill level of the labor supply (LABSUP) is driven by the level of development (GDPPCP) and the demand for labor is driven by labor-coefficients (LABCOEFFS) computed from coefficient function representing shifts in demand with technological progress as proxied by the level of development (GDPPCP). Coefficients computed by sector and skill gives the labor requirement by skill type for each unit of value added (VADD) in the sector. Multiplying these coefficients with projected value added in each sector gives an estimate of the labor demand. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or shortage between total labor demand and supply is used to compute the rate of unemployment. Deviations in the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) signal wage changes through an equilibrium seeking algorithm. Both demand and supply respond to the wage variable (LABWAGEIND) indexed to the base year. The supply responses are much slower than the demand responses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FLOCHART2.png|frame|center|Labor Model Flowchart]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Labor Model Equations =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Overview ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model is a part of the IFs economic model that uses labor model output as an input to a Cobb-Douglas production function in a multi-sector general equilibrium model. IFs is a very long-run dynamic model. Instead of computing fixed short-run equilibria that clear the relevant markets IFs uses an equilibrium seeking algorithm to balance the various systems over the longer run. The algorithm is known as the PID (proportion-integral-derivative) controller algorithm and is used widely in industrial control systems. It makes equilibrium seeking variables in IFs move towards a set target. The algorithm works by computing a multiplier based on the movement of the variable towards the target, as obtained by an integral (I) of the path traversed, and the rate of movement towards the target, the derivative term. The multiplier is applied on the process variable (the P term), or a response variable, in the subsequent time period. In the labor model, unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) is used as the process variable and the PID multiplier is used on the wage rate (LABWAGEIND). Job availability (LABDEMS) and participation rate (LABPARR) get affected by changes in wage. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Throughout this section we use subscripts and notations common to other modules of IFs. For example, we use t for time period. Subscripts p and r represent sex and country/region, respectively, c is the cohort number, with cohort 1 representing the newborns, cohort1 the the one-year to four-year-olds, cohort two five-year to nine-year-olds etc. Values for p are 1 for male, 2 for female and 3 for both sexes combined. For economic sectors we use s and for skill levels sk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Supply: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The total pool of labor is computed by multiplying the population of working age with the labor force participation rate (LABPARR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Population forecasts come from IFs demographic model which computes both five-year and single-year age-sex cohorts (&#039;&#039;agedst&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;fagedst&#039;&#039;). &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts participation rates by country/region&amp;amp;nbsp; and gender. Participation rates in the model move with the changes in the demographic composition. Female participation rates, which have historically been lower than the same for the male in all societies, but has moved up in modern and affluent societies, get a catch-up boost in the model. Participation rates can also change when there is labor shortage or surplus and the employers try to incentivize or discourage workers by changing wage. This last impact is much less slow than similar wage impacts on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Participation Rate ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Labor participation rates (&#039;&#039;LABPARR&#039;&#039;) for male and female are first initialized with historical data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p}= LABPARR_{r,p,t=1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A ‘catch-up’ boost is added to the female participation rate. The boost added (FemParLabMul) starts at a third of a percentage point and withers away following a non-linear path as the female rates approaches the catch-up target (FemParTar), The maximum catch-up that can occur over the horizon of the model is thirty percent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParTar_{r}=Amin(LabParRI_{r,p=1},LabParRI_{r,p=2}+30)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FemParLabMul_{r}=(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})/(FemParTar_{r}-LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}=LABPARR_{r,p=2,t-1}+FemParLabMul_{r}*0.3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next, we compute and apply the aging impact on the participation rate. As the relative share of people over the retirement age increases, the participation rate declines. The model keeps track of the changes in the demographic ratio (PopAgingRatio) of the population who are in their prime working age of 15 to 64 (POPWORKING) to those at a common retirement age of sixty-five or older (POPGT65). This ratio declines as countries age. The percentage drop in the ratio comparative to the base year is scaled appropriately to compute the aging impact (aging_impact). This impact is added to the male and female labor participation rates, with the impact on the female participation rate being slightly lower than that on male rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;POPAgingRatio_{r,t}=POPWORKING_{r,t}/POPGT65_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;aging_impact_{r,t}=100*((POPAgingRatio_{r,t}/POPAgingRatio_{r,t=1})-1)*0.2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=2,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=1,t}+aging_impact_{r,t}*0.95 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Participation rates respond slowly to changes in wage and unemployment rate. The impact is implemented through a wage impact factor computed from annual changes in the wage index (labwageimpact). The base participation rates can be changed by model user through two model parameters: a direct multiplier on the participation rate (labparm), or one that changes participation by moving the retirement age (labretagem)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact*0.05)*labparm_{r,p,t}*labretagem_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total participation rate (LABPARRr,p=3,t) is computed by an weighted average of male and female participation rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}= (sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}(agedst{r,c,p,t}*LABPARR_{r,p,t}))/(sum_{p=1 to 2}sum_{c=4 to 21}agedst{r,c,p,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Total Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, the total number of labor available for work (LAB) is computed by multiplying the total participation rate with the population of fifteen-year-olds or older.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LAB_{r,t}= LABPARR_{r,p=3,t}*sum_{p=1 to 2,c=4 to 21}agedst_{r,c,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor by skill level ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The labor model forecasts labor supply (LABSUP) by two skill categories. The variable (&#039;&#039;LABSUP&#039;&#039;) is initialized in the pre-processor by reading the employment by skill/occupation (&#039;&#039;LABEMPS&#039;&#039;) data from GTAP[[#_ftn1|[1]]] &amp;amp;nbsp;and adding the unemployment numbers. We assume same unemployment rate (&#039;&#039;LABUMEMPR&#039;&#039;) for skilled and unskilled labor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,t=1,sk}=sum_{s=1 to 6}(LABEMPS_{r,s,t=1}/(1-(LABUNEMPR_{r,t=1}/100))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model forecasts labor by skill through a model of the skilled share of the labor. Education, training, exposure, and experience of the employees all improve with the level of development. The model captures this with an analytic function of the skilled share (perskilled) driven by GDP per capita at PPP (GDPPCP) -&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r}=f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Among the causal drivers of skill, education is considered to be the most proximate. Education is strongly correlated with the level of development, the deeper driver of skill in the model. However, the recent increase in education and/or a policy driven educational expansion might add to the impact of education on skill. Additional impacts from education on skill, when there is any, is computed through an expected function formulation. For example, in a society where an average adult has more (or less) education than the adults in other societies at that level of development, the skill share is given a slight upward push (or downward pull). The expectation function is a logarithmic function of educational attainment of working age population (EDYRSAG15) driven by GDP per capita at PPP. Attainment above (or below) the expected level (YearsEdExp) is computed by the function output (YearsEd) adjusted for country situation (yearseddiff). The percentage adjustment to the skilled share (LabSupSkiAdj) is computed using additional (limited) education, i.e., the difference between actual (EDYRSAG15) and expected values of educational attainment, expressed as a percentage of the expected value. The adjustment is scaled appropriately and peters off over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEd_{r,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;yearsdeddiff_{r}= EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}-YearsEd_{r,t=2}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;YearsEdExp_{r,t}=YearsEd_{r,t}+yearsdeddiff_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=0.3*(EDYRSAG15_{r,p=3,t=2}*YearsEdExp_{r,t})/YearsEd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t}=ConvergeOverTime(0,LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t},70)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;perskilled_{r,t}= perskilled_{r,t}*(1+LabSupSkiAdj_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The skilled share (perskilled) is multiplied with the total labor supply (LAB) to obtain the number of labors who are skilled (LABSUPskilled)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}=LAB_{r,p,t}*perskilledI_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As a last step, the model adjusts for the country specific variations in the skilled labor count not captured by the deeper and the proximate models. This is done by saving a ratio (LABSUPSkilledRI) of the actual historical data and the model computed value in the initial year. In the subsequent years this ratio is used to adjust the skilled labor forecast gradually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}=LAB_{r}*perskilled_{r,t=1}/100 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUPSkilledRI_{r}=LABSUP_{r,skilled,t=1}/LABSUPCompSkilled_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}= LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABSUPSkilledRI_{r},1,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Number of unskilled labor is obtained by subtracting the skilled labor from the total pool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABSUP_{r,unskilled,t}= LAB_{r,p,t}- LABSUP_{r,skilled,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Labor Demand: Equations ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs economic model forecasts production in six economic sectors. IFs labor model computes the longer-term and shorter-term determinants of demand for skilled and unskilled labor (LABDEMS) for the production processes. The long-term drivers of labor requirement are technological progress or the lack of it. In the shorter-term wage affects the labor demand most. Wage in turn is affected by labor supply or skill shortage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs model divides economic activities into six economic sectors – agriculture, energy, materials, manufacture, services and information, and communication technologies. Workers in the IFs labor model are disaggregated into two skill types. While the skill composition varies by the technology used in the sector and starts tilting towards the more skilled with the progress in technology, absolute number of labors needed to produce the same output goes down with technological development for both skilled and unskilled labor. This is illustrated in the next figure which plots the changes in labor requirement against GDP per capita at PPP, a proxy for level of development. Agriculture is a much less skill-intensive process than the manufacture, however, with technological progress skill requirement improves rapidly in both sectors. The IFs labor model computes these labor requirement functions in the model pre-processor. As we have already described in the pre-processor section, the computation of these functions use GTAP data on employment by occupation and economic activity. Appendices 3 and 4 lists sector and occupation mapping between GTAP and IFs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These functions are used to compute the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS), i.e., number of skilled and unskilled labor needed to produce unit amount of output with the technology available, for which we use GDP per capita at PPP as a proxy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= f(GDPPCP_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
manufacture, services and ICTech) and the subscrip sk stands for skill categories with 1 denoting unskilled and 2 skilled. The labor coefficients obtained from the analytical functions require some adjustments to incorporate country deviations from the functions for various factors not captured in the regression relationship. The first of these adjustments is a gradual removal of impacts of short-run fluctuations in output and labor from the computation of labor coefficient. This adjustment is applied on the coefficients computed from the function. The equation below shows a simplified form of these computations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t}=f(igdpr_{r,t=2},(LAB_{r,t=2}/LAB_{r,t=1}),(LABCOEFFS_{r,t}/LABCOEFFS_{r,t-1}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}=LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}(1-LabCoeffAdjFac_{r,k,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Model users can use a global parameter (labcoeffsm) to change the labor coefficients by skill level for any or all of the six sectors –&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}= LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labcoeffsm_{s,sk}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To forecast the total labor demand, the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) are multiplied to the total projected output for each of the economic sectors. The forecast is adjusted for any discrepancy between data and model. The adjustment factor (LABDemsAdjFac) is computed as the initial ratio between the actual and computed employment. Actual employment is obtained from historical data (LABEMPS) processed using the GTAP database. The computed employment is obtained by multiplying the labor coefficients (LABCOEFFS) with the final output of the sector (VADD).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}= LABEMPS_{r,s,sk,t=1}/(VADD_{r,s,t=1}*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The projected output is obtained by applying the growth rate (IGDPRCOR) on the sectoral value added from the previous year (VADD). The total labor demand is given by the product of the labor coefficients, projected output, demand adjustments and wage impacts (labwageimpactmul) and the number 1000 which adjusts the units for the equation. Wage impact comes from the level of unemployment and is computed in an equilibration process described in the next section. Model users can use a multiplicative parameter (labdemsm) to slide the demand upward or downward.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}=1000*VADD_{r,s,t-1}*(1+IGDPRCOR_{r})*LABCOEFFS_{r,sk,s,t}*LabDemsAdjFac_{r,s,sk}*labwageimpactmul_{r,s,sk}*&#039;&#039;&#039;labdemsm_{r,s}&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Unemployment and Wage: Labor Market Equilibration ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs labor model balances the labor market through an equilibrium seeking algorithm rather than computing an exact equilibrium at each time step. We use an algorithm borrowed from the control systems engineering. This PID controller algorithm, described also in the IFs economic model documentation, works by computing corrective signals for equilibrating variables using the deviations of a buffer variable, for example unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR), from a target value. The signal is computed from two quantities, the distance of the buffer from the target and the current rate of change of the buffer. The computation is tuned with PID elasticities to avoid oscillations. The computed signal is applied on the variable/s which need to be balanced, for example, demand and supply in the event of a market equilibration, thus getting closer to a balance at each step of simulation. The target value for the buffer variable and the tuning parameters of the control algorithm are obtained through rules-of-thumb and model calibration. The IFs labor model uses unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the buffer variable for the market equilibration of labor demand and labor supply. The multiplier (i.e., corrective signal) obtained from the PID is applied on the wage index (LABWAGEIND). Changes in wage indices comparative to the base year, moderated through a second PID controller, is used to compute the final signal (labwageimpactmul) that drives labor demand and labor supply. Even though the model forecasts labor demand by sector and skill, and computes labor supply for both skill types, the equilibration algorithm works over the entire pool of labor. In other words, we assume that the skills are replaceable across sectors and the lack (or abundance) of jobs affects skilled and unskilled persons equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
At each annual timestep, the model computes the unemployment rate (LABUNEMPR) as the gap in between the total supply of labor (LAB) and the total demand. The gap (EmplGap) is expressed as a share of the total labor, the standard way to express unemployment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;sumld=sum_{s,sk}LADEMS_{r,s,sk,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EmplGap= LAB_{r,t}*sumld&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPR_{r,t}= (EmplGap/LAB_{r,t})*100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As the target value (LabUnEmpRateTar) for the PID controller that modulates unemployment rate we use either the historical unemployment rate or a ten percent unemployment rate when the historical rate is higher than ten. Model users can override the historical target through a model parameter (labunemprtrgtval).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABUMENPRi_{r,t}= LABUMENPR_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=labunemptargetval_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If LabUnempRateTarget_{r}=0,&lt;br /&gt;
 LabUnempRateTarget_{r}= AMIN(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},10) &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unemployment rate target, when it is different from the base year value, is reached gradually with a convergence period of forty years . The target rate is converted to count (LabUnEmplTar) to make it equivalent to the employment gap (EmplGap) computed earlier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LabUnEmplTar_{r}= LAB_{r,t}*ConvergeOverTime(LABUMENPRi_{r,t},0,100)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first order difference (Diffl1) between the target unemployment and the demand-supply gap is used to compute a second order difference (Diffl2) accounting for changes in the rate of movement. The two differences and the PID multipliers (elwageunemp1, elwageunemp2) are provided to the PID function (ADJSTR). Working age population (POP15TO65r,t) works as the scaling base of the PID controller. The controller algorithm gives a multiplier (mullw) that is used in the subsequent year to adjust wage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LabUnEmplTar_{r}-EmplGap&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=Diffl1_{t}-Diffl1_{t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},elwageunemp1_{r},elwageunemp2_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wage adjustments affect demand and supply with an increase in wage drawing demand downward and supply upward. The opposite affects occur with a downward movement of wage. The wage variable affected by the PID multiplier (LABWAGEIND) is an index initialized at one. We use an indexed rather than a dollar wage in the equilibration process to avoid affecting the process from other economic phenomena that affects wage, for example, a rise in real wage as GDP or the labor share of income grows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}=1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years of the model run, the wage index is first adjusted with the equilibration signal obtained from the unemployment rate PID controller in the previous period&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}= LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}* mullw_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A wage impact (labwageimpact) is then computed using the changes in the wage index relative to the base value. The impact is smoothed with a moving average algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpact_{r}= labwageimpact_{r,t-1}*0.9+ (1-LABWAGEIND_{r,t})*0.1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The smoothed impact is used as the equilibration signal for labor supply. As we have already described in the section on labor supply, a small fraction of the impact (labwageimpact) is applied to the labor participation rate. The impact is scaled down to account for the slow pace of changes on the supply side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABPARR_{r,p,t}= LABPARR_{r,p,t}*(1-labwageimpact_{r,t}*0.05)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the impacts of wage on labor demand we use a second PID multiplier as opposed to using the changes in wage index that we have done on the supply side. The second PID uses the wage index itself as the process variable and uses the base year value of 1 as the target. The reason we had to use this second PID is to control the pace at which wage disequilibrium can affect demand, especially in the event of an abrupt shock. The smoothing and scaling down that works on the supply side is not enough to control oscillations on the demand side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl1_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t=1}-1&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Diffl2_{t}=LABWAGEIND_{r,t}-LABWAGEIND_{r,t-1} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;mullw_{r,t}= ADJSTR(POP15TO65_{r,t},Diffl1_{t},Diffl2_{t},ellabwage1_{r},ellabwage1_{r})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A second impact factor (labwageimpactmul) is computed using the correction signal from this second multiplier:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;labwageimpactmul_{r,t}= labwageimpactmul_{r,t-1}*mullw_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This impact factor is applied on the labor demand as described in the section on labor demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}= LABDEMS_{r,s,sk,t}* labwageimpactmul_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Informal Labor ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs forecast labor and GDP share of the informal sector. Informal labor forecast is not explicitly endogenized in the labor market though. They are rather driven by development, skill and regulatory factors[[#_ftn1|[1]]]. However, the productivity and revenue impacts of changes in informality affects output and thus labor demand implicitly as a very distal driver.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div id=&amp;quot;ftn1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9134</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.36 (September 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9134"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T22:01:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation here&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates (since January 2018) =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Aquastat_data&amp;diff=9129</id>
		<title>Aquastat data</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Aquastat_data&amp;diff=9129"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:57:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Most of the data used in the water preprocessor comes from the AQUASTAT database. [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm]&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:medium;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The AQUASTAT database can be queried on-line and the query results can be downloaded in CSV (table or flat) format. The current database regroups data per 5-year period and shows for each variable the value for the most recent year during that period, if available. For example, if for the period 2003-2007 data are available for the year 2004 and for the year 2006, then the value for the year 2006 is shown. Also, for many variables no time series can be made available yet due to lack of sufficient data. Data collection began in 1958.&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Data for the variable [4313] &amp;quot;Area equipped for irrigation: total&amp;quot; is collected by and available in both AQUASTAT and FAOSTAT and harmonization between AQUASTAT and FAOSTAT takes place on a regular basis to ensure consistency between the two. The difference between the two is that AQUASTAT only enters data for the year given in the reference, while FAOSTAT fills all years from 1961 onwards by inter- and extrapolation from the common data-points. Thus, time series on this variable can be found under&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://faostat3.fao.org/download/E/EL/E FAOSTAT land], choosing the last variable in &amp;quot;items&amp;quot;: Total area equipped for irrigation. For other non-water related time-series on food and agriculture see the&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E FAOSTAT home page].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Metadata =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Update Frequency ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Varies by Main Database category and sub-category: ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Geography and population category: Every year (through FAOSTAT for land use and population and undernourishment, World Bank for GDP, UNDP for HDI and GII).&lt;br /&gt;
#Water resources category: These are long-term average annual values and therefore remain the same over the years. A comprehensive review had been undertaken in 2014.&lt;br /&gt;
#Water use category and Irrigation and drainage development category: For Africa, Southern and Central America &amp;amp; Caribbean, and Asia: between 1 and 10 years, depending on data availability which is checked at least every 5 years for each country, and with a thorough update (full dataset) every 10 years together with the country profile update. For Europe, Northern America, Australia and New Zealand: depends on data availability from Eurostat and OECD.&lt;br /&gt;
#Updates of data for some specific sub-categories are being done in collaboration with others, as and when data become available, such as: wastewater sub-category in collaboration with IWMI; conservation agriculture sub-category in collaboration with Conservation Agriculture expert groups; access to improved drinking water source sub-category data are provided by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.&lt;br /&gt;
#Some of the variables are updated during major review exercises (see the other datasets below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== AquaStat Questionnaires&amp;amp;nbsp;and Guidelines ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AQUASTAT uses questionnaires and prepares guidelines with detailed definitions and instructions, implements projects to strengthen national capacities, and holds workshops to clarify some of the more complex data concepts. Survey information is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To reach the above objective, it has been decided to proceed as follows, with two surveys:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Every 5-10 years: a detailed global survey to prepare/update country profiles and regional syntheses. This document refers to this survey, which is prepared on the basis of a detailed questionnaire filled in at country level by national and regional experts, under the supervision of FAO/NRL.&lt;br /&gt;
*Every year: a small global survey to ensure regular updating of the existing country profiles, of key changes at country level, especially on the area equipped for irrigation and on the institutional and policy aspects. It is done by concerned institutions, which are willing to participate, and is managed in the regional and central offices of FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The 5-10 year survey aims at preparing national country profiles in a homogeneous way. It ensures participation of national experts, in charge of the information collection and report drafting at the country level, and validation by FAO experts. The experts are provided with:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*A detailed questionnaire to be completed for each country at national level (and sub-national level for some variables) on the basis of existing available information&lt;br /&gt;
*Detailed guidelines for preparing a country profile and gathering qualitative information&lt;br /&gt;
*Explanatory notes and definitions to ensure consistency in the use of concepts and words and facilitate computation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Costs ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Costs should be expressed in US$ (United States Dollars) in the questionnaire and country profiles. The conversion used to pass from the local currency to US$ should be the one that was valid in the year to which the value refers and should be indicated in the comments.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitions ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definitions for every series can be found in this document:&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/sets/aq-5yr-guide_eng.pdf&amp;amp;nbsp http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/sets/aq-5yr-guide_eng.pdf&amp;amp;nbsp];&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DataDict ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Variable: &#039;&#039;&#039;Names were not changed from previous years this data was pulled. New variables were&amp;amp;nbsp;assigned names that are consistent with variables of similar topics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Table: &#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled. New variables were assigned based on the variable title and consistency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups: &#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled. New variables were assigned groups based on consistency with variables of similar topics. New Irrigation series were given groups: Agriculture, Infrastructure, Water.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Subgroups: &#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed form previoys years this data was pulled. New Irrigation data was given the Subgroup: Irrigation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Definitions and Units:&#039;&#039;&#039; This categories were not changed from previous years. New variables were given definitions based on the consise definitions provided in the AquaStat database. Units were also provided in the data base.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Years: &#039;&#039;&#039;Years for every series were changed to available data provided through the database. Years vary between different series. The aquastat database calculates years in 5 year incriments. This five year incriments go back to 1958. The most recent incriment is 2013-2017. In the datadict, these incrimental periods are not used. Instead, only actual data recorded for the earliest&amp;amp;nbsp;specific year to the last specific year is used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Source:&#039;&#039;&#039; Source for all AquaStat series were given AQU BATCH PULL.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Original Source:&#039;&#039;&#039; The original source for all series is the AquaStat database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Notes and Last IFs Update were updated accordingly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Aggregation: &#039;&#039;&#039;Aggregations were not changed from pervious updates. New variables were assigned aggregations based on the type of variable and the Units used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Disaggregation&#039;&#039;&#039; was consistently GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Name in source&#039;&#039;&#039; is based on the name each variable was given in the AquaStat database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Code in Source: &#039;&#039;&#039;All codes were changed to match the exact variable names present when downloading the data from the database. The downloaded names were different from the name in source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Decimal places: &#039;&#039;&#039;This category was left blank in order to avoid rounding exact data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Country Concordance: &#039;&#039;&#039;FAO countries were used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Series Updated ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;p style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ &#039;&#039;&#039;DataDict&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: left;&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Variable&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;DesalinatedWater&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IrrigatedCropIntensity&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IrWaterReq&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IrWaterWith&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandCultivatedArea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandEquipIrActual&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandEquipIrFullControl&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandEquipIrFullControlActual&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIr%Grain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrAreaSalinized&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquipDrained&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquipGround&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrHarvestedCropArea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrWaterLogged&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;TotalDamCapacity&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WasterwaterTreated&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WasteWaterDirectNotTreated&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WastewaterIrDirectTreated&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WasteWaterLandEquipDirectNotTreated&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WastewaterProduced&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WastewaterTreatedReused&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterDependencyRatio&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterGroundEntering&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterGroundLeaving&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterGroundProdInternal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterGroundTotal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterGroundWithD&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResExploitGround&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResExploitSurface&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResOverlap&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResTotalExploit&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResTotalRenew&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResTotalRenewGround&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterResTotalRenewSurface&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterSurfaceWithD&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterTotalRenewPC&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterTotalWithd&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterTotalWithdPC&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterTotalWithdSector&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterTotalWithdSources&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWith%Agric&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWith%Fresh&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWith%Household&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWith%Ind&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWithAgr%FreshAquastat&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWithdAgriculture&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWithdIndustrial&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterWithdMunicipal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Series that will soon be updated ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ &#039;&#039;&#039;DataDict&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Variable&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrActual%Equip&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrAreaEquip&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquip%Cultivated&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquip%Potential&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquip%WaterManaged&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquipActual&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquipMixed&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquipSurface&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrPotential&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;WaterTotalAgManagedArea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== New Series added ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Direct use of not treated municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Irrigated crop intensity&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by surface water&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by direct use of treated municipal wastewater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by direct use of non-treated municipal wastewater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by direct use of agricultural drainage water&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by desalinated water&lt;br /&gt;
*Irrigation water withdrawal&lt;br /&gt;
*Irrigation water requirement&lt;br /&gt;
*Direct use of treated municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes&lt;br /&gt;
*area equipped for irrigation: actually irrigated&lt;br /&gt;
*area equipped for full control irrigation: total&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for full control irrigation: actually irrigated&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Preprocessor Series ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unknown since the model is currently in development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Country Coverage ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Every country, with&amp;amp;nbsp;the exception of Kosovo, is included in the database. However, available data for each country varies by series.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ &#039;&#039;&#039;FAO Country Translation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs Countries&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FAO Countries&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Arab Emirates&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Arab Emirates&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Afghanistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Afghanistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Albania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Albania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Armenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Armenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Angola&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Angola&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Argentina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Argentina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Austria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Austria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Australia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Australia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Azerbaijan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Azerbaijan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Barbados&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Barbados&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bangladesh&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bangladesh&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belgium&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belgium&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burkina Faso&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burkina Faso&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bulgaria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bulgaria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahrain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahrain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burundi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burundi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Benin&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Benin&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brunei&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brunei Darussalam&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bolivia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bolivia (Plurinational State of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brazil&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brazil&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahamas, The&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahamas&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bhutan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bhutan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Botswana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Botswana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belarus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belarus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belize&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belize&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Canada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Canada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Congo, Democratic Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Democratic Republic of the Congo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Central African Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Central African Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Congo, Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Congo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Switzerland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Switzerland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cote d&#039;Ivoire&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Côte d&#039;Ivoire&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chile&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chile&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cameroon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cameroon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Colombia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Colombia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Costa Rica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Costa Rica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cuba&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cuba&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cape Verde&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cabo Verde&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cyprus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cyprus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Czech Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Czech Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Germany&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Germany&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Djibouti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Djibouti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Denmark&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Denmark&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dominican Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dominican Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Algeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Algeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ecuador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ecuador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Estonia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Estonia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Egypt, Arab Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Egypt&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Eritrea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Eritrea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Spain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Spain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ethiopia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ethiopia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Finland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Finland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Fiji&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Fiji&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Micronesia, Fed. Sts.&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Micronesia (Federated States of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;France&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;France&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gabon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gabon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Kingdom&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Kingdom&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Grenada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Grenada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Georgia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Georgia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ghana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ghana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gambia, The&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gambia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Equatorial Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Equatorial Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greece&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greece&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guatemala&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guatemala&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea-Bissau&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea-Bissau&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guyana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guyana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hong Kong&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China, Hong Kong SAR&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Honduras&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Honduras&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Croatia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Croatia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Haiti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Haiti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hungary&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hungary&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Indonesia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Indonesia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ireland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ireland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Israel&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Israel&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;India&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;India&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iraq&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iraq&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iran, Islamic Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iran (Islamic Republic of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iceland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iceland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Italy&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Italy&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jamaica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jamaica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jordan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jordan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Japan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Japan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kenya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kenya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kyrgyz Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kyrgyzstan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cambodia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cambodia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comoros&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comoros&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kosovo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Korea, Democratic People&#039;s Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Democratic People&#039;s Republic of Korea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Korea, Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Republic of Korea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kuwait&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kuwait&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kazakhstan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kazakhstan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Laos, People&#039;s Democratic Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lao People&#039;s Democratic Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lebanon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lebanon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;St. Lucia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saint Lucia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sri Lanka&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sri Lanka&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Liberia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Liberia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lesotho&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lesotho&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lithuania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lithuania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Luxembourg&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Luxembourg&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Latvia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Latvia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Libya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Libya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Morocco&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Morocco&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Moldova&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Republic of Moldova&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Montenegro&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Montenegro&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Madagascar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Madagascar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mali&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mali&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Myanmar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Myanmar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mongolia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mongolia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malta&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malta&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritius&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritius&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Maldives&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Maldives&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malawi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malawi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mexico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mexico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malaysia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malaysia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mozambique&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mozambique&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Namibia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Namibia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Niger&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Niger&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nigeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nigeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nicaragua&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nicaragua&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Netherlands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Netherlands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Norway&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Norway&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nepal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nepal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;New Zealand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;New Zealand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Oman&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Oman&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Panama&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Panama&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peru&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peru&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Papua New Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Papua New Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Philippines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Philippines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pakistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pakistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Poland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Poland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Puerto Rico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Puerto Rico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Palestine&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Occupied Palestinian Territory&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Portugal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Portugal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Paraguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Paraguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Qatar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Qatar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Romania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Romania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Serbia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Serbia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Russian Federation&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Russian Federation&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Rwanda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Rwanda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saudi Arabia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saudi Arabia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Solomon Islands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Solomon Islands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Seychelles&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Seychelles&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sudan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sudan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweden&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweden&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Singapore&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Singapore&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovak Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovakia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sierra Leone&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sierra Leone&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Senegal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Senegal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Somalia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Somalia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suriname&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suriname&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sudan South&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Sudan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sao Tome and Principe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sao Tome and Principe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;El Salvador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;El Salvador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Syrian Arab Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Syrian Arab Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Swaziland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Swaziland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chad&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chad&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Togo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Togo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tajikistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tajikistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Timor-Leste&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Timor-Leste&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkmenistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkmenistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tunisia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tunisia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tonga&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tonga&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkey&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkey&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trinidad and Tobago&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trinidad and Tobago&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Taiwan, China&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China, Taiwan Province of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tanzania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Republic of Tanzania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ukraine&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ukraine&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uganda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uganda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United States&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United States of America&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uruguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uruguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uzbekistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uzbekistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;St. Vincent and the Grenadines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Venezuela&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vietnam&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Viet Nam&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vanuatu&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vanuatu&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Samoa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Samoa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yemen, Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yemen&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Africa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Africa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zambia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zambia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zimbabwe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zimbabwe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Instructions =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Download the data from the Aquastat Database.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en]. Select all countries and all years. There are too many variables to download all variables at once. Divide the variables by topics (ie geography and population, water resources, etc) download this data via the &amp;quot;Flat&amp;quot; option.&lt;br /&gt;
#Change the codes in the Datadict&amp;amp;nbsp;for every variable downloaded in this Excel file. The codes need to match to match the variables listed in the downloaded data exactly.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
#Check to ensure no changes are needed in the FAO Country translation. In the most recent update&amp;amp;nbsp;China, Sudan and South Sudan all needed to be updated.&lt;br /&gt;
#Upload data in IFs using the batch pool option. There will be multiple excel sheets, as the AquaStat data cannot download all variables at once. After the first excel sheet is updated, unselect data that was imported; otherwise this data will be uploaded again with a new excel sheet, and you will lose the already imported data.&lt;br /&gt;
#Vet. The most recent update reveiled errors in data in some series. You may need extensive vetting.&lt;br /&gt;
#Some series do not contain enough data in the database to be updated. These include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrEquipDesalinated&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrEquipDirectAg&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrHarvest%Equip&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrHarvest%FullControl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrPotentialReached&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Aquastat_data&amp;diff=9128</id>
		<title>Aquastat data</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Aquastat_data&amp;diff=9128"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:57:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Most of the data used in the water preprocessor comes from the AQUASTAT database. [http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm]&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:medium;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The AQUASTAT database can be queried on-line and the query results can be downloaded in CSV (table or flat) format. The current database regroups data per 5-year period and shows for each variable the value for the most recent year during that period, if available. For example, if for the period 2003-2007 data are available for the year 2004 and for the year 2006, then the value for the year 2006 is shown. Also, for many variables no time series can be made available yet due to lack of sufficient data. Data collection began in 1958.&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;Data for the variable [4313] &amp;quot;Area equipped for irrigation: total&amp;quot; is collected by and available in both AQUASTAT and FAOSTAT and harmonization between AQUASTAT and FAOSTAT takes place on a regular basis to ensure consistency between the two. The difference between the two is that AQUASTAT only enters data for the year given in the reference, while FAOSTAT fills all years from 1961 onwards by inter- and extrapolation from the common data-points. Thus, time series on this variable can be found under&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://faostat3.fao.org/download/E/EL/E FAOSTAT land], choosing the last variable in &amp;quot;items&amp;quot;: Total area equipped for irrigation. For other non-water related time-series on food and agriculture see the&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E FAOSTAT home page].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Metadata =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Update Frequency ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==== Varies by Main Database category and sub-category: ====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Geography and population category: Every year (through FAOSTAT for land use and population and undernourishment, World Bank for GDP, UNDP for HDI and GII).&lt;br /&gt;
#Water resources category: These are long-term average annual values and therefore remain the same over the years. A comprehensive review had been undertaken in 2014.&lt;br /&gt;
#Water use category and Irrigation and drainage development category: For Africa, Southern and Central America &amp;amp; Caribbean, and Asia: between 1 and 10 years, depending on data availability which is checked at least every 5 years for each country, and with a thorough update (full dataset) every 10 years together with the country profile update. For Europe, Northern America, Australia and New Zealand: depends on data availability from Eurostat and OECD.&lt;br /&gt;
#Updates of data for some specific sub-categories are being done in collaboration with others, as and when data become available, such as: wastewater sub-category in collaboration with IWMI; conservation agriculture sub-category in collaboration with Conservation Agriculture expert groups; access to improved drinking water source sub-category data are provided by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.&lt;br /&gt;
#Some of the variables are updated during major review exercises (see the other datasets below).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== AquaStat Questionnaires&amp;amp;nbsp;and Guidelines ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
AQUASTAT uses questionnaires and prepares guidelines with detailed definitions and instructions, implements projects to strengthen national capacities, and holds workshops to clarify some of the more complex data concepts. Survey information is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To reach the above objective, it has been decided to proceed as follows, with two surveys:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Every 5-10 years: a detailed global survey to prepare/update country profiles and regional syntheses. This document refers to this survey, which is prepared on the basis of a detailed questionnaire filled in at country level by national and regional experts, under the supervision of FAO/NRL.&lt;br /&gt;
*Every year: a small global survey to ensure regular updating of the existing country profiles, of key changes at country level, especially on the area equipped for irrigation and on the institutional and policy aspects. It is done by concerned institutions, which are willing to participate, and is managed in the regional and central offices of FAO.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The 5-10 year survey aims at preparing national country profiles in a homogeneous way. It ensures participation of national experts, in charge of the information collection and report drafting at the country level, and validation by FAO experts. The experts are provided with:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*A detailed questionnaire to be completed for each country at national level (and sub-national level for some variables) on the basis of existing available information&lt;br /&gt;
*Detailed guidelines for preparing a country profile and gathering qualitative information&lt;br /&gt;
*Explanatory notes and definitions to ensure consistency in the use of concepts and words and facilitate computation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Costs ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Costs should be expressed in US$ (United States Dollars) in the questionnaire and country profiles. The conversion used to pass from the local currency to US$ should be the one that was valid in the year to which the value refers and should be indicated in the comments.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Definitions ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Definitions for every series can be found in this document:&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/sets/aq-5yr-guide_eng.pdf&amp;amp;nbsp http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/sets/aq-5yr-guide_eng.pdf&amp;amp;nbsp];&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DataDict ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Variable: &#039;&#039;&#039;Names were not changed from previous years this data was pulled. New variables were&amp;amp;nbsp;assigned names that are consistent with variables of similar topics.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Table: &#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled. New variables were assigned based on the variable title and consistency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Groups: &#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed from previous years this data was pulled. New variables were assigned groups based on consistency with variables of similar topics. New Irrigation series were given groups: Agriculture, Infrastructure, Water.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Subgroups: &#039;&#039;&#039;These were not changed form previoys years this data was pulled. New Irrigation data was given the Subgroup: Irrigation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Definitions and Units:&#039;&#039;&#039; This categories were not changed from previous years. New variables were given definitions based on the consise definitions provided in the AquaStat database. Units were also provided in the data base.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Years: &#039;&#039;&#039;Years for every series were changed to available data provided through the database. Years vary between different series. The aquastat database calculates years in 5 year incriments. This five year incriments go back to 1958. The most recent incriment is 2013-2017. In the datadict, these incrimental periods are not used. Instead, only actual data recorded for the earliest&amp;amp;nbsp;specific year to the last specific year is used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Source:&#039;&#039;&#039; Source for all AquaStat series were given AQU BATCH PULL.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Original Source:&#039;&#039;&#039; The original source for all series is the AquaStat database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Notes and Last IFs Update were updated accordingly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Aggregation: &#039;&#039;&#039;Aggregations were not changed from pervious updates. New variables were assigned aggregations based on the type of variable and the Units used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Disaggregation&#039;&#039;&#039; was consistently GDP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Name in source&#039;&#039;&#039; is based on the name each variable was given in the AquaStat database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Code in Source: &#039;&#039;&#039;All codes were changed to match the exact variable names present when downloading the data from the database. The downloaded names were different from the name in source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Decimal places: &#039;&#039;&#039;This category was left blank in order to avoid rounding exact data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Country Concordance: &#039;&#039;&#039;FAO countries were used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Series Updated ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;p style=&amp;quot;text-align: center;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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|-&lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Series that will soon be updated ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LandIrEquip%WaterManaged&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== New Series added ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Direct use of not treated municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Irrigated crop intensity&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by surface water&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by direct use of treated municipal wastewater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by direct use of non-treated municipal wastewater&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by direct use of agricultural drainage water&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for irrigation by desalinated water&lt;br /&gt;
*Irrigation water withdrawal&lt;br /&gt;
*Irrigation water requirement&lt;br /&gt;
*Direct use of treated municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes&lt;br /&gt;
*area equipped for irrigation: actually irrigated&lt;br /&gt;
*area equipped for full control irrigation: total&lt;br /&gt;
*Area equipped for full control irrigation: actually irrigated&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Preprocessor Series ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unknown since the model is currently in development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Country Coverage ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Every country, with&amp;amp;nbsp;the exception of Kosovo, is included in the database. However, available data for each country varies by series.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; bgcolor=&amp;quot;#ffffff&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|+ &#039;&#039;&#039;FAO Country Translation&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs Countries&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! bgcolor=&amp;quot;#c0c0c0&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FAO Countries&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Arab Emirates&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Arab Emirates&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Afghanistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Afghanistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Albania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Albania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Armenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Armenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Angola&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Angola&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Argentina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Argentina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Austria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Austria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Australia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Australia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Azerbaijan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Azerbaijan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bosnia and Herzegovina&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Barbados&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Barbados&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bangladesh&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bangladesh&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belgium&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belgium&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burkina Faso&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burkina Faso&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bulgaria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bulgaria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahrain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahrain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burundi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Burundi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Benin&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Benin&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brunei&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brunei Darussalam&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bolivia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bolivia (Plurinational State of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brazil&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Brazil&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahamas, The&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bahamas&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bhutan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bhutan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Botswana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Botswana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belarus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belarus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belize&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Belize&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Canada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Canada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Congo, Democratic Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Democratic Republic of the Congo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Central African Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Central African Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Congo, Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Congo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Switzerland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Switzerland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cote d&#039;Ivoire&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Côte d&#039;Ivoire&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chile&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chile&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cameroon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cameroon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Colombia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Colombia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Costa Rica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Costa Rica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cuba&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cuba&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cape Verde&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cabo Verde&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cyprus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cyprus&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Czech Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Czech Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Germany&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Germany&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Djibouti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Djibouti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Denmark&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Denmark&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dominican Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dominican Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Algeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Algeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ecuador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ecuador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Estonia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Estonia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Egypt, Arab Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Egypt&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Eritrea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Eritrea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Spain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Spain&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ethiopia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ethiopia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Finland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Finland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Fiji&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Fiji&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Micronesia, Fed. Sts.&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Micronesia (Federated States of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;France&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;France&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gabon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gabon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Kingdom&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Kingdom&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Grenada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Grenada&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Georgia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Georgia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ghana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ghana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gambia, The&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gambia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Equatorial Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Equatorial Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greece&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Greece&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guatemala&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guatemala&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea-Bissau&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guinea-Bissau&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guyana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guyana&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hong Kong&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China, Hong Kong SAR&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Honduras&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Honduras&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Croatia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Croatia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Haiti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Haiti&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hungary&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hungary&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Indonesia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Indonesia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ireland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ireland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Israel&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Israel&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;India&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;India&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iraq&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iraq&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iran, Islamic Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iran (Islamic Republic of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iceland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Iceland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Italy&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Italy&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jamaica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jamaica&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jordan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jordan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Japan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Japan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kenya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kenya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kyrgyz Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kyrgyzstan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cambodia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cambodia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comoros&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Comoros&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kosovo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Korea, Democratic People&#039;s Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Democratic People&#039;s Republic of Korea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Korea, Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Republic of Korea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kuwait&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kuwait&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kazakhstan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kazakhstan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Laos, People&#039;s Democratic Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lao People&#039;s Democratic Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lebanon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lebanon&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;St. Lucia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saint Lucia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sri Lanka&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sri Lanka&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Liberia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Liberia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lesotho&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lesotho&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lithuania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lithuania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Luxembourg&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Luxembourg&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Latvia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Latvia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Libya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Libya&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Morocco&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Morocco&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Moldova&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Republic of Moldova&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Montenegro&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Montenegro&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Madagascar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Madagascar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mali&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mali&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Myanmar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Myanmar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mongolia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mongolia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malta&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malta&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritius&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mauritius&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Maldives&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Maldives&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malawi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malawi&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mexico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mexico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malaysia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Malaysia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mozambique&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Mozambique&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Namibia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Namibia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Niger&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Niger&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nigeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nigeria&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nicaragua&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nicaragua&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Netherlands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Netherlands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Norway&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Norway&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nepal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nepal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;New Zealand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;New Zealand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Oman&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Oman&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Panama&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Panama&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peru&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Peru&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Papua New Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Papua New Guinea&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Philippines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Philippines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pakistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pakistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Poland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Poland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Puerto Rico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Puerto Rico&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Palestine&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Occupied Palestinian Territory&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Portugal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Portugal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Paraguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Paraguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Qatar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Qatar&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Romania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Romania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Serbia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Serbia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Russian Federation&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Russian Federation&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Rwanda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Rwanda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saudi Arabia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saudi Arabia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Solomon Islands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Solomon Islands&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Seychelles&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Seychelles&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sudan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sudan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweden&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweden&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Singapore&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Singapore&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovenia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovak Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Slovakia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sierra Leone&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sierra Leone&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Senegal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Senegal&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Somalia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Somalia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suriname&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Suriname&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sudan South&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Sudan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sao Tome and Principe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sao Tome and Principe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;El Salvador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;El Salvador&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Syrian Arab Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Syrian Arab Republic&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Swaziland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Swaziland&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chad&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chad&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Togo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Togo&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tajikistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tajikistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Timor-Leste&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Timor-Leste&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkmenistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkmenistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tunisia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tunisia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tonga&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tonga&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkey&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Turkey&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trinidad and Tobago&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trinidad and Tobago&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Taiwan, China&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;China, Taiwan Province of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tanzania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United Republic of Tanzania&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ukraine&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ukraine&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uganda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uganda&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United States&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;United States of America&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uruguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uruguay&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uzbekistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Uzbekistan&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;St. Vincent and the Grenadines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Venezuela&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vietnam&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Viet Nam&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vanuatu&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vanuatu&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Samoa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Samoa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yemen, Republic of&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yemen&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Africa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;South Africa&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zambia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zambia&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|- valign=&amp;quot;TOP&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zimbabwe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;lt;font face=&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot; color=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zimbabwe&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Instructions: =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Download the data from the Aquastat Database.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en]. Select all countries and all years. There are too many variables to download all variables at once. Divide the variables by topics (ie geography and population, water resources, etc) download this data via the &amp;quot;Flat&amp;quot; option.&lt;br /&gt;
#Change the codes in the Datadict&amp;amp;nbsp;for every variable downloaded in this Excel file. The codes need to match to match the variables listed in the downloaded data exactly.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
#Check to ensure no changes are needed in the FAO Country translation. In the most recent update&amp;amp;nbsp;China, Sudan and South Sudan all needed to be updated.&lt;br /&gt;
#Upload data in IFs using the batch pool option. There will be multiple excel sheets, as the AquaStat data cannot download all variables at once. After the first excel sheet is updated, unselect data that was imported; otherwise this data will be uploaded again with a new excel sheet, and you will lose the already imported data.&lt;br /&gt;
#Vet. The most recent update reveiled errors in data in some series. You may need extensive vetting.&lt;br /&gt;
#Some series do not contain enough data in the database to be updated. These include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrEquipDesalinated&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrEquipDirectAg&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrHarvest%Equip&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrHarvest%FullControl&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LandIrPotentialReached&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9127</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.36 (September 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9127"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:55:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation here&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;471&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;347&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;124&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Number of series&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | AQU (AQUASTAT) BATCH PULL&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Barro-Lee&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 22&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2016&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | FAO&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 38&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | Freedom House&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IFs calculations (drugs, education quality, Minerva)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IHME&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 51&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF GFS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 8&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | IMF World Economic Outlook 2017&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | JMP&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | PovCalNet&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNAIDS&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 6&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 97&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNODC&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
|- height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | WDI&lt;br /&gt;
| align=&amp;quot;right&amp;quot; | 392&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=World_Population_Prospects_(WPP),_United_Nations_Population_Division_(UNPD)&amp;diff=9125</id>
		<title>World Population Prospects (WPP), United Nations Population Division (UNPD)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=World_Population_Prospects_(WPP),_United_Nations_Population_Division_(UNPD)&amp;diff=9125"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:23:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;About the UNPD&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Population Division was established in the earlier years of the United Nations to serve as the Secretariat of the then Population Commission, created in 1946. Over the years, the Division has played an active role in the intergovernmental dialogue on population and development, producing constantly updated demographic estimates and projections for all countries, including data essential for the monitoring of the progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, developing and disseminating new methodologies, leading the substantive preparations for the United Nations major conferences on population and development as well as the annual sessions of the Commission on Population and Development&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Series pulled from UNPD&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;678&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;225&amp;quot; | Table&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;154&amp;quot; | Source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesInfMortMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectFemale&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectMale&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesTFRMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD 2015 (DSR added Taiwan from WEO)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistInfMortMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesConstUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesMedUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDR0MigrationUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRConstFertUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRConstMortalityUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRHighUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRlowUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRNoChangeUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRreplacementUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatio0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioConstMortUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOld0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertility0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertility0MigrationUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityConstUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityHighUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2015ANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityLowUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastInfantMortalityMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectFemaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectFemaleUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectMaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectMaleUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrantsUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrationMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexes0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexes0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemale0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMale0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesConstUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopulationBothSexesMedUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatio0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpect&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectFemaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectMaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15PlusMill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15to29Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15to64%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15to64Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation65Plus&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation65Plus%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation65PlusMill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationElderlyDependence%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationUnder15Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationUnder5Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationUNFilled&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD 2010 Rev Filled with WDI and Ifs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthBulgeBy15&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthBulgeBy30&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthBulgeByTotal&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthDependency%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Instructions on pulling UNPD data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life expectancy and TFR data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Description of Data&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Life expectancy and fertility rate data are available for&amp;amp;nbsp;5 year intervals (e.g. 1955-1960, 1960-1965) up to latest year (2015). Since the datasets are estimates, the data is available for five year intervals up to the year 2100. For the purpose of IFs&amp;amp;nbsp;,a simple average needs to be computed in order to arrive at a value for every 5 year interval&amp;amp;nbsp;(e.g. Average for 1955-60 value and 1960-65 value will be recorded under the year 1960 for&amp;amp;nbsp;IFS). On the basis of these&amp;amp;nbsp;5 year intervals, IFs computes the annual values for life expectancy and TFR using an interpolation function. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Methodology used by UNPD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The life expectancy at birth is defined by UNPD as the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.&amp;amp;nbsp;The life expectancy data is computed by UNPD on the basis of the estimated levels of infant and child mortality and after taking into consideration special circumstances in respective nations.&amp;amp;nbsp;For example, the mortality impact of AIDS has been factored in when computing the life expectancy at birth&amp;amp;nbsp;of Rwanda. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The UNPD model for computation of TFR &amp;amp;nbsp;is &amp;amp;nbsp;probablistic and makes use of historical demographic data .The 2015 revision in the methodology, also takes into account levels of development across countries and considers cases where fertility rates may stay constant or in some cases also rise in the future. For example, the fertility rate in sub-Saharan Africa has not fallen as fast as the rate in other regions in the world on account of high infant mortality from communicable diseases and low levels of human development.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Life expectancy and TFR in IFs&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Life expectancy is driven by income levels (GDP per capita at PPP) , government spending on health and education (GDS), civilian damage from wars, population and mortality. Life expectancy shares an especially strong relationship with income as evidenced by an r square value of&amp;amp;nbsp; 0.63. TFR in IFs is primarily&amp;amp;nbsp;driven by female education , GDP per capita at PPP, population levels.&amp;amp;nbsp;The chart below shows the relationship between GDP per capita and life expectancy across all nations in 2014.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Life expectancy compared to GDP per capita at PPP in 2014&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[File:Life expectancy value.png|RTENOTITLE]]&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Source: International Futures 7.22&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Since the data in IFs is calculated on the basis of assigned averages between two time periods, it must be noted that data won’t be available for the period succeeding the latest year&amp;amp;nbsp;(e.g. for the 2015 update, latest data is available for the 2010-2015 period, but no data is available for 2015-2020 period, thus the average value cannot be calculated.) For the latest period, when computing the average value, the forecast value for the future period is used. (e.g.&amp;amp;nbsp;for 2015, compute the average using 2010-2015 value and the 2015-2020 forecasted value.) While using forecasts, &amp;amp;nbsp;note that three varieties of forecast&amp;amp;nbsp;values are available from UNPD, one with a low variant, one with a medium variant and one with a high variant. The medium variant is used when computing the average, as this is likely to be the closest to the actual value. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Data Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;h[https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ ttps://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/]&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Series to be updated in IFs&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series LifExpect&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series LifExpectFemale&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series LifExpectMale&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;SeriesTFRMedUNPD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Country list to be used&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs country list&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Last updated by&amp;amp;nbsp;: Kanishka Narayan 11th October 2016&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Instructions on pulling the UNPD Forecast data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==  ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=World_Population_Prospects_(WPP),_United_Nations_Population_Division_(UNPD)&amp;diff=9124</id>
		<title>World Population Prospects (WPP), United Nations Population Division (UNPD)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=World_Population_Prospects_(WPP),_United_Nations_Population_Division_(UNPD)&amp;diff=9124"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:23:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;About the UNPD&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The Population Division was established in the earlier years of the United Nations to serve as the Secretariat of the then Population Commission, created in 1946. Over the years, the Division has played an active role in the intergovernmental dialogue on population and development, producing constantly updated demographic estimates and projections for all countries, including data essential for the monitoring of the progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, developing and disseminating new methodologies, leading the substantive preparations for the United Nations major conferences on population and development as well as the annual sessions of the Commission on Population and Development&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Series pulled from UNPD&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;678&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;225&amp;quot; | Table&lt;br /&gt;
| width=&amp;quot;154&amp;quot; | Source&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesInfMortMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectFemale&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectMale&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesTFRMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD 2015 (DSR added Taiwan from WEO)&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistInfMortMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesConstUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesHighUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesLowUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastandHistPopulationBothSexesMedUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDR0MigrationUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRConstFertUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRConstMortalityUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRHighUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRlowUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRNoChangeUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastCDRreplacementUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatio0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioConstMortUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOld0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioOldReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungConstFertUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastDependencyRatioYoungReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertility0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertility0MigrationUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstMortalityUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityConstUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityConstUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityHighUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityHighUNPD2015ANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityLowUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityLowUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastfertilityMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityNoChangeUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastFertilityReplacementUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastInfantMortalityMedUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedBothSexesUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedFemaleUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifeExpMedMaleUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectFemaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectFemaleUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectMaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectMaleUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastLifExpectUNPD2010Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrantsUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrationMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastNetMigrationRateUNPD2015RevANN&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexes0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexes0MigrationUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstMortalityUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesConstUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesHighUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesLowUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesMedUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopBothSexesReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemale0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleHighUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleLowUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopFemaleReplacementUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMale0MigrationUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleConstMortalityUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleConstUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleMedUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastPopMaleNoChangeUNPD2012Rev&lt;br /&gt;
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| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioNoChangeUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesForecastYouthDependencyRatioReplacementUNPD2015Rev&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD WPP 2015 [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DVD/]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpect&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectFemaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectMaleMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesLifExpectMedUNPD&lt;br /&gt;
| [http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15PlusMill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15to29Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15to64%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation15to64Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation65Plus&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation65Plus%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulation65PlusMill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationElderlyDependence%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationUnder15Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationUnder5Mill&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopulationUNFilled&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD 2010 Rev Filled with WDI and Ifs&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthBulgeBy15&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthBulgeBy30&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthBulgeByTotal&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| height=&amp;quot;20&amp;quot; | SeriesPopYouthDependency%&lt;br /&gt;
| UNPD&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Instructions on pulling UNPD data =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Life expectancy and TFR data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Description of Data&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Life expectancy and fertility rate data are available for&amp;amp;nbsp;5 year intervals (e.g. 1955-1960, 1960-1965) up to latest year (2015). Since the datasets are estimates, the data is available for five year intervals up to the year 2100. For the purpose of IFs&amp;amp;nbsp;,a simple average needs to be computed in order to arrive at a value for every 5 year interval&amp;amp;nbsp;(e.g. Average for 1955-60 value and 1960-65 value will be recorded under the year 1960 for&amp;amp;nbsp;IFS). On the basis of these&amp;amp;nbsp;5 year intervals, IFs computes the annual values for life expectancy and TFR using an interpolation function. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Methodology used by UNPD&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The life expectancy at birth is defined by UNPD as the number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.&amp;amp;nbsp;The life expectancy data is computed by UNPD on the basis of the estimated levels of infant and child mortality and after taking into consideration special circumstances in respective nations.&amp;amp;nbsp;For example, the mortality impact of AIDS has been factored in when computing the life expectancy at birth&amp;amp;nbsp;of Rwanda. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The UNPD model for computation of TFR &amp;amp;nbsp;is &amp;amp;nbsp;probablistic and makes use of historical demographic data .The 2015 revision in the methodology, also takes into account levels of development across countries and considers cases where fertility rates may stay constant or in some cases also rise in the future. For example, the fertility rate in sub-Saharan Africa has not fallen as fast as the rate in other regions in the world on account of high infant mortality from communicable diseases and low levels of human development.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Life expectancy and TFR in IFs&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Life expectancy is driven by income levels (GDP per capita at PPP) , government spending on health and education (GDS), civilian damage from wars, population and mortality. Life expectancy shares an especially strong relationship with income as evidenced by an r square value of&amp;amp;nbsp; 0.63. TFR in IFs is primarily&amp;amp;nbsp;driven by female education , GDP per capita at PPP, population levels.&amp;amp;nbsp;The chart below shows the relationship between GDP per capita and life expectancy across all nations in 2014.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Life expectancy compared to GDP per capita at PPP in 2014&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[File:Life expectancy value.png|RTENOTITLE]]&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Source: International Futures 7.22&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Since the data in IFs is calculated on the basis of assigned averages between two time periods, it must be noted that data won’t be available for the period succeeding the latest year&amp;amp;nbsp;(e.g. for the 2015 update, latest data is available for the 2010-2015 period, but no data is available for 2015-2020 period, thus the average value cannot be calculated.) For the latest period, when computing the average value, the forecast value for the future period is used. (e.g.&amp;amp;nbsp;for 2015, compute the average using 2010-2015 value and the 2015-2020 forecasted value.) While using forecasts, &amp;amp;nbsp;note that three varieties of forecast&amp;amp;nbsp;values are available from UNPD, one with a low variant, one with a medium variant and one with a high variant. The medium variant is used when computing the average, as this is likely to be the closest to the actual value. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Data Source&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;h[https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ ttps://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/]&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Series to be updated in IFs&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series LifExpect&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series LifExpectFemale&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Series LifExpectMale&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
#&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;SeriesTFRMedUNPD&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Country list to be used&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs country list&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:smaller;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Last updated by&amp;amp;nbsp;: Kanishka Narayan 11th October 2016&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Instructions on pulling the UNPD Forecast data ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==  ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9122</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.36 (September 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9122"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:15:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation here&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Recent data updates =&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9121</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.36 (September 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9121"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:14:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education_Equations:_Learning_Quality.C2.A0 here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model - detailed documentation here&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Demand here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the drug demand equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Drug_Model_Equations here]&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence module&amp;amp;nbsp;within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;flow chart [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the violence&amp;amp;nbsp;equations [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Socio-Political#Violence_Model_Equations here]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Education&amp;diff=9120</id>
		<title>Education</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Education&amp;diff=9120"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:08:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Please cite as: Irfan, T. Mohammod.&amp;amp;nbsp;2017.&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&amp;quot;IFs Education Model Documentation.&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;Pardee Center for International Futures, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO. Accessed DD Month YYYY &amp;lt;[https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education]&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The education model of IFs simulates patterns of educational participation and attainment in 186 countries over a long time horizon under alternative assumptions about uncertainties and interventions (Irfan 2008).&amp;amp;nbsp; Its purpose is to serve as a generalized thinking and analysis tool for educational futures within a broader human development context.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The model forecasts gender- and country-specific access, participation and progression rates at levels of formal education starting from elementary through lower and upper secondary to tertiary. The model also forecasts costs and public spending by level of education. Dropout, completion and transition to the next level of schooling are all mapped onto corresponding age cohorts thus allowing the model to forecast educational attainment for the entire population at any point in time within the forecast horizon.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;From simple accounting of the grade progressions to complex budget balancing and budget impact algorithm, the model draws upon the extant understanding and standards (e.g., UNESCO&#039;s ISCED classification explained later) about national systems of education around the world. One difference between other attempts at forecasting educational participation and attainment (e.g, McMahon 1999; Bruns, Mingat and Rakotomalala 2003; Wils and O’Connor 2003; Delamonica, Mehrotra and Vandemoortele. 2001; Cuaresma and Lutz 2007) and our forecasting, is the embedding of education within an integrated model in which demographic and economic variables interact with education, in both directions, as the model runs.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;In the figure below we display the major variables and components that directly determine education demand, supply, and flows in the IFs system.&amp;amp;nbsp; We emphasize again the inter-connectedness of the components and their relationship to the broader human development system.&amp;amp;nbsp; For example, during each year of simulation, the IFs cohort-specific demographic model provides the school age population to the education model.&amp;amp;nbsp; In turn, the education model feeds its calculations of education attainment to the population model’s determination of women’s fertility.&amp;amp;nbsp; Similarly, the broader economic and socio-political systems provide funding for education, and levels of educational attainment affect economic productivity and growth, and therefore also education spending.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;[[File:EduOverview.png|frame|center|Visual representation of education demand, supply, and flows in the IFs system]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Structure and Agent System: Education&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;tableGrid&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width:100%;&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;width: 50%&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;System/Subsystem&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 10px&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;National Education System&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizing Structure&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 10px&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Various Levels of Education; Age Cohorts&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Stocks&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 10px&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Educational Attainment; Enrollment&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Flows&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 10px&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Intake; Graduation; Transition; Spending&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Aggregate&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 10px&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Demand for and achievement in education changes with income, societal change&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Public spending available for education rises with income level&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Cost of schooling rises with income level&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Lack (surplus) of public spending in education hurts (helps) educational access and progression&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;More education helps economic growth and reduces fertility&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot; valign=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Key Agent-Class Behavior&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039; &#039;&#039;&#039;Relationships&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align: left&amp;quot;&amp;gt;(illustrative, not comprehensive)&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 10px&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot; | &amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Families send children to school; Government revenue and expenditure in education&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Model Coverage&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
UNESCO has developed a standard classification system for national education systems called International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED. ISCED 1997 uses a numbering system to identify the sequential levels of educational systems—namely, pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary non tertiary and tertiary—which are characterized by curricula of increasing difficulty and specialization as the students move up the levels. IFs education model covers&amp;amp;nbsp; primary (ISCED level 1), lower secondary (ISCED level 2), upper secondary (ISCED level 3), and tertiary education (ISCED levels 5A, 5B and 6).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model covers 186 countries that can be grouped into any number of flexible country groupings, e.g., UNESCO regions, like any other sub-module of IFs. Country specific entrance age and school-cycle length [[Education#Sources_of_Education_Data|data are collected]] and used in IFs to represent national education systems as closely as possible. For all of these levels, IFs forecast variables representing student flow rates, e.g., intake, persistence, completion and graduation, and stocks, e.g., enrolment, with the girls and the boys handled separately within each country.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One important distinction among the flow rates is a gross rate versus a net rate for the same flow. Gross rates include all pupils whereas net rates include pupils who enter the school at the right age, given the statutory entrance age in the country and proceed without any repetition. The IFs education model forecasts both net and gross rates for primary education. For other levels we forecast gross rates only. It would be useful to look at the net rates at least for lower secondary, as the catch up continues up to that level. However, we could not obtain net rate data for lower secondary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additionally, for lower and upper secondary, the IFs model covers both general and vocational curriculum and forecasts the vocational share of total enrolment, EDSECLOWRVOC (for lower secondary) and EDSECUPPRVOC (for upper secondary). Like all other participation variables, these two are also disaggregated by gender.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The output of the national education system, i.e., school completion and partial completion of the young people, is added to the [[Education#Education_Attainment|educational attainment]] of the adults in the population. IFs forecasts four categories of attainment - portion with no education, completed primary education, completed secondary education and completed tertiary education - separately for men and women above fifteen years of age by five year cohorts as well as an aggregate over all adult cohorts. Model software contains so-called &amp;quot;Education Pyramid&amp;quot; or a display of educational attainments mapped over five year age cohorts as is usually done for population pyramids.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another aggregate measure of educational attainment that we forecast is the average years of education of the adults. We have several measures, EDYEARSAG15, average years of education for all adults aged 15 and above, EDYRSAG25, average years of education for those 25 and older, EDYRSAG15TO24, average years of education for the youngest of the adults aged between fifteen years to twenty four.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs education model also covers [[Education#Education_Financial_Flow|financing of education]]. The model forecast per student public expenditure as a share of per capita income. The model also forecast total public spending in education and the share of that spending that goes to each level of education.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;What the Model Does Not Cover&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ISCED level 0, pre-primary, and level 4, post-secondary pre tertiary, are not common across all countries and are thus excluded from IFs education model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the financing side, the model does not include private spending in education, a significant share of spending especially for tertiary education in many countries and even for secondary education in some countries. Scarcity of good data and lack of any pattern in the historical unfolding precludes modelling private spending in education.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Quality of national education system can also vary across countries and over time. The IFs education model does not forecast any explicit indicator of education quality. However, the survival and graduation rates that the model forecasts for all levels of education are implicit indicators of system quality.&amp;amp;nbsp; At this point IFs does not forecast any indicator of cognitive quality of learners. However, the IFs database does have data on cognitive quality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs education model does not cover private spending in education.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sources of Education Data&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Data used in the IFs education model comes from international development agencies with global or regional coverage, policy think-tanks and academic researchers. Some of these data are collected through census and survey of educational institutes conducted by national governments and reported to international agencies. Some data are collected through household surveys. In some cases, data collected through survey and census are processed by experts to create internationally comparable data sets.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
UNESCO is the UN agency charged with collecting and maintaining education-related data from across the world. UNICEF collects some education data through their MICS survey. USAID also collects education data as a part of its Demographic and Household Surveys (DHS). OECD collects better data especially on tertiary education for its members as well as few other countries.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We collected our [[Education#Education_Student_Flow|student flows]] and per student cost data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics&#039; (UIS) [http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/tableviewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143 web data repository]. (Accessed on 05/17/2013)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For [[Education#Education_Attainment|educational attainment]] data we use estimates by Robert Barro and Jong Wha Lee (2000). They &amp;amp;nbsp;have published their estimates of human capital stock (i.e., the educational attainment of adults) at the website of the Center for International Development of Harvard University. In 2001, Daniel Cohen and Marcelo Soto presented a paper providing another human capital dataset for a total of ninety-five countries. We collect that data as well in our database.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When needed we also calculated our own series using underlying data from UNESCO. For example, we calculate an adjusted net intake rate for primary using the age specific intake rates that UNESCO report. We also calculated survival rates in lower and upper secondary (EDSECLOWRSUR, EDSECUPPRSUR) using a reconstructed cohort simulation method from grade-wise enrollment data for two consecutive years. The transition rate from lower to upper secondary is also calculated using grade data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
World Bank’s World Development Indicator (WDI) database ([http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators]) incorporates major educational series from UIS. The World Bank also maintains its own online educational database titled EdStats&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
([http://datatopics.worldbank.org/education/ http://datatopics.worldbank.org/education/]). EdStats has recently started adding data on educational equality. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As said earlier in this document, scores from international assessments are used as a measure of learning quality.&amp;amp;nbsp; Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is a series of international assessments of the mathematics and science knowledge of students at the fourth and eighth grade level in countries around the world conducted once in every four years. The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is a reading assessment conducted at the fourth grade level. TIMSS and PIRLS together form the core of the assessments conducted by International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, a Europe-based international cooperative of national research institutions. OECD conducts Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to assess the reading, math and science at the fourth grade level in member and some non-member countries. Time series data is available for TIMSS starting from 1995 and for PIRLS from 2001. Spatial coverage of the data is not that great though. Any of this international tests covers around sixty to seventy countries. To overcome this limitation on data coverage researchers, combine international test scores with scores from regional assessments. Some of these regional tests are conducted in Africa (SACMEQ and PASEC) and some in Latin America and the Caribbean (LLECE).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our learning quality data is a compilation (Angrist, Patrinos and Schlotter 2013) of the international and regional test scores using a methodology that makes data comparable across countries and over time. Hanushek and Kimco (2000) and Altinok and others (2007, 2013) have used similar methodologies. The dataset that we use covers 128 countries over a period extending from 1965 to 2010 and is available at the World Bank Education Statistics databank. A more recent update on the dataset (Altinok, Angrist and Patrinos, 2018) with a better spatial and temporal coverage is yet to be released officially as I am writing this section in March 2018. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We would also like to mention some other international education database from which we do not yet use any data in our model. UNICEF collects education data from households through their Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey(MICS). Household level data is also collected by USAID as a part of its Demographic and Household Surveys (DHS). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organization of rich and developed economies host an online education database at [http://www.oecd.org/education/database.htm http://www.oecd.org/education/database.htm]. Their data covers thirty-five member countries and some non-members (Argentina, Brazil, China, India Colombia, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Lithuania, Russia, Saudi Arabia and South-Africa are some of the non-members covered in the OECD database). OECD also publish an annual compilation of indicators titled Education at a Glance ([http://www.oecd.org/edu/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm http://www.oecd.org/edu/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm]). OECD’s data include education quality data in the form of internationally administered assessment tests. Several other regional agencies, for example, Asian Development Bank or EU’s Eurostat also publish educational data as a part of their larger statistical efforts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Research organizations and academic researchers sometime compute education data not available through survey and census, but can be computed from those. For example, the educational attainment dataset compiled by Robert Barro and Jong Wha Lee (2013) is widely used. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) did also compile attainment data using household survey data obtained from MICS and DHS surveys. Global Monitoring Report team of UNESCO computes educational inequalities within and across countries and publish them in a database titled World Inequality Database on Education ([http://www.education-inequalities.org/ http://www.education-inequalities.org/]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Data Pre-processor ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enrollment, attainment and financing data that we collect from various sources are utilized in two ways. First, data help us operationalize the dominant model relations by estimating the direction, magnitude and strength of the relationship. Second, data is used for model initialization as described in the next section.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Using Historical Data to Fill in Model Base Year&amp;amp;nbsp; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs education model, like all other IFs models, is a recursive dynamic model running in discrete annual time steps. Model initialization is handled in a preliminary process in which model variables are assigned values for the starting year of the model’s run-horizon. The initial values are obtained from IFs historical database. For countries with no data for the initial year we use the value from the most recent year with data. When there is no data at all or the only data that are available are quite old compared to the model base year, we use various estimation techniques to impute the data. The estimations use the same regression functions that we use for forecasting the flow rates. For stock variables, we use the data from the most recent year to compute a regression function with a driver variable that is both conceptually meaningful and has good data coverage. GDP per capita at PPP is he variable of choice in most cases. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Data Cleaning and Reconciliation ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The stock and flow accounting structure requires that the underlying data are consistent. Inconsistencies among the educational data, e.g., intake, survival, or enrollment rate, can arise either from reported data values that, in combination, do not make sense, or from the use of “stand-alone” cross-sectional estimations used in [[The_IFs_pre-Processor|the IFs pre-Processor]]&amp;amp;nbsp; to fill missing data.&amp;amp;nbsp; Such incongruities might arise among flow rates within a single level of education (e.g., primary intake, survival, and enrollment rates that are incompatible) or between flow rates across two levels of education (e.g., primary completion rate and lower secondary intake rate).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The IFs education model uses algorithms to reconcile incongruent flow values.&amp;amp;nbsp; They work by (1) analyzing incongruities; (2) applying protocols that identify and retain the data or estimations that are probably of higher quality; and (3) substituting recomputed values for the data or estimations that are probably of lesser quality.&amp;amp;nbsp; For example, at the primary level, data on enrollment rates are more extensive and more straight-forward than either intake or survival data; in turn, intake rates have fewer missing values and are arguably more reliable measures than survival rates.&amp;amp;nbsp; The IFs pre-processor reconciles student flow data for Primary by using an algorithm that assumes enrollment numbers to be more reliable than the entrance data and entrance data to be more reliable than survival data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Variable Naming Convention&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All education model variable names start with a two-letter prefix of &#039;ED&#039; followed, in most cases, by the three letter level indicator - PRI for primary, SEC for secondary, TER for tertiary. Secondary is further subdivided into SECLOWR for lower secondary and SECUPPR for upper secondary. Parameters in the model, which are named using lowercase letters like those in other IFs modules, also follow a similar naming convention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dominant Relations: Education&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The dominant relationships in the model are those that determine various educational flow rates, e.g., intake rate for primary (EDPRIINT) or tertiary (EDTERINT), or survival rates in primary (EDPRISUR) or lower secondary (EDSECLOWRSUR). These rates are functions of per capita income. Non-income drivers of education are represented by upward shifts in these functions. These rates follow an S-shaped path in most cases. The flows interact with a stocks and flows structure to derive major stocks like enrollment, for the young, and attainment, for the adult.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the financing side, the major dynamic is&amp;amp;nbsp; in the cost of education, e.g., cost per student in primary, EDEXPERPRI, the bulk of which is teachers&#039; salary and which thus goes up with rising income.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Public spending allocation in education, GDS(Educ) is a function of national income per capita that proxies level of economic development. Demand for educational spending -&amp;amp;nbsp; determined by initial projections of enrollment and of per student cost - and total availability of public funds affect the base allocation derived from function.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For diagrams see: [[Education#Education_Student_Flow|Student Flow Charts]]; [[Education#Education_Financial_Flow|Budget Flow Charts]]; [[Education#Education_Attainment|Attainment Flow Charts]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For equations see: [[Education#Equations:_Student_Flow|Student Flow Equations]]; [[Education#Equations:_Budget_Flow|Budget Flow Equations]]; [[Education#Equations:_Attainment|Attainment Equations]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Key dynamics are directly linked to the dominant relations&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Intake, survival and transition rates are functions of per capita income (GDPPCP). These functions shift upward over time representing the non-income drivers of education.&lt;br /&gt;
*Each year flow rates are used to update major stocks like enrollment, for the young, and attainment, for the adult.&lt;br /&gt;
*Per student expenditure at all levels of education is a function of per capita income.&lt;br /&gt;
*Deficit or surplus in public spending on education, GDS(Educ) affects intake, transition and survival rates at all levels of education.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education: Selected Added Value&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;IFs Education model is an integrated model. The education system in the model is interlinked with demographic, economic and socio-political systems with mutual feedback within and across theses systems. Schooling of the young is linked to education of the population as whole in this model.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The model is well suited for scenario analysis with representation of policy levers for entrance into and survival at various levels of schooling. Girls and boys are represented separately in this model.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The education budget is also endogenous to the model with income driven dynamics in cost per student for each level of education. Budget availability affect enrollment. Educational attainment raises income and affordability of education at individual and national level.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Flow Charts&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Overview ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For each country, the IFs education model represents a multilevel formal education system that starts at primary and ends at tertiary.&amp;amp;nbsp;[[Education#Education_Student_Flow|Student flows]], i.e., entry into and progression through the system are determined by forecasts on intake and persistence (or survival) rates superimposed on the population of the corresponding age cohorts obtained from IFs population forecasts. Students at all levels are disaggregated by gender. Secondary education is further divided into lower and upper secondary, and then further into general and vocational according to the curricula that are followed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model represents the dynamics in [[Education#Education_Financial_Flow|education financing]] through per student costs for each level of education and a total public spending in education. Policy levers are available for changing both spending and cost.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
School completion (or dropout) in the education model is carried forward as the [Education#Education Attainment|attainment]] of the overall population. As a result, the education model forecasts population structures by age, sex, and attained education, i.e., years and levels of completed education.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The major agents represented in the education system of the model are households,—represented by the parents who decide which of their boys and girls will go to school—and governments that direct resources into and across the educational system.&amp;amp;nbsp; The major flows within the model are student and budgetary, while the major stock is that of educational attainment embedded in a population. Other than the budgetary variables, all the flows and stocks are gender disaggregated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The education model has forward and backward linkages with other parts of the IFs model. During each year of simulation, the IFs cohort-specific [[Population#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Demographic|demographic model]] provides the school age population to the education model.&amp;amp;nbsp; In turn, the education model feeds its calculations of education attainment to the population model’s determination of women’s fertility.&amp;amp;nbsp; Similarly, the broader economic and socio-political systems provide funding for education, and levels of educational attainment affect [[Economics#Multifactor_Productivity|economic productivity and growth]], and therefore also education spending.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The figure below shows the major variables and components that directly determine education demand, supply, and flows in the IFs system.&amp;amp;nbsp; The diagram attempts to emphasize on the inter-connectedness of the education model components and their relationship to the broader human development system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Overvieweducation flow.png|frame|center|Visual representation of education demand, supply, and flows in the IFs system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Student Flow&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs education model simulates grade-by-grade student flow for each level of education that the model covers. Grade-by-grade student flow model combine the effects of grade-specific dropout, repetition and reentry into an average cohort-specific &#039;&#039;grade-to-grade flow rate&#039;&#039;, calculated from the survival rate for the cohort. Each year the number of new entrants is determined by the forecasts of the intake rate and the entrance age population. In successive years, these entrants are moved to the next higher grades, one grade each year, using the &#039;&#039;grade-to-grade flow rate&#039;&#039;. The simulated grade-wise enrollments are then used to determine the total enrollment at the particular level of education. Student flow at a particular level of education, e.g., primary, is culminated with rates of completion and transition by some to the next level, e.g., lower secondary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The figure below shows details of the student flow for primary (or, elementary) level. This is illustrative of the student flow at other levels of education. We model both net and gross enrollment rates for primary. The model tracks the pool of potential students who are above the entrance age (as a result of never enrolling or of having dropped out), and brings back some of those students, marked as late/reentrant in the figure, (dependent on initial conditions with respect to gross versus net intake) for the dynamic calculation of total gross enrollments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A generally similar grade-flow methodology models lower and upper secondary level student flows. We use country-specific entrance ages and durations at each level. As the historical data available does not allow estimating a rate of transition from upper secondary to tertiary, the tertiary education model calculates a tertiary intake rate from tertiary enrollment and graduation rate data using an algorithm which derives a tertiary intake with a lower bound slightly below the upper secondary graduation rate in the previous year.[[File:Educationstudentflow.png|frame|center|Student flow for primary (or, elementary) level.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Education: Learning Quality Scores ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As said earlier in this document, this model uses international standard test scores as a measure of learning quality. The model forecasts learning quality for two levels of education- primary and secondary, in three subject areas for each level - reading, math and science (EDQUALPRIMATH, EDQUALPRISCI, EDQUALPRIREAD; EDQUALSECMATH, EDQUALSECSCI, EDQUALSECREAD). At each level of education, there is also an overall score (EDQUALPRIALL, EDQUALSECALL) obtained by averaging all three scores. Scores for boys and girls are forecast separately.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next figure presents the model logic in a flow chart. Learning quality is driven by several variables –average educational attainment of the adults as an aggregate indicator of the learning environment in the society; expenditure per student (EDEXPERPRI, EDEXPERSEC) as &amp;amp;nbsp;measures of resources spent on schooling; income per capita (GDPPCP) and corruption level (GOVCORRUPT) as proxies for resource mobilization and efficiency; and the level of security and stability in the society (GOVINDSECUR). &amp;amp;nbsp;Among the various quality scores that we forecast, the two that are in bold font in the figure (EDQUALPRIALL and EDQUALSECALL) are pivotal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EdQualityFlowChart1Fin.png|frame|center|EdQualityFlowChart1Fin.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Financial Flow&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to [[Education#Education_Student_Flow|student flows]], and interacting closely with them, the IFs education model also tracks financing of education. Because of the scarcity of private funding data, IFs specifically represents public funding only, and our formulations of public funding implicitly assume that the public/private funding mix will not change over time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The accounting of educational finance is composed of two major components, per student cost and the total number of projected students, the latter of the two is discussed in the [[Education#Education_Student_Flow|student flows]] section. Spending per student at all levels of education is driven by average income. Given forecasts of spending per student by level of education and given initial enrollments forecasts by level, an estimate of the total education funding demanded is obtained by summing across education levels the products of spending per student and student numbers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The funding needs are sent to the IFs [[Socio-Political#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Socio-Political|sociopolitical model]] where educational spending is initially determined from the patterns in such spending regressed against the level of economic development of the countries. A priority parameter (&#039;&#039;&#039;edbudgon&#039;&#039;&#039;) is then used to prioritize spending needs over spending patterns. This parameter can be changed by model user within a range of values going from zero to one&amp;amp;nbsp; with the zero value awarding maximum priority to fund demands. Finally, total government consumption spending (GOVCON) is distributed among education and other social spending sectors, namely infrastructure, health, public R&amp;amp;D, defense and an &amp;quot;other&amp;quot; category, using a normalization algorithm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Government spending is then taken back to the education module and compared against fund needs. Budget impact, calculated as a ratio of the demanded and allocated funds, makes an impact on the initial projection of student flow rates (intake, survival, and transition). The positive (upward) side of the budget impact is non-linear with the maximum boost to growth occurring when a flow rate is at or near its mid-point or within the range of the inflection points of an assumed S-shaped path, to be precise. Impact of deficit is more or less linear except at impact ratios close to 1, whence the downward impact is dampened. Final student flow rates are used to calculate final enrollment numbers using population forecasts for relevant age cohorts. Finally, cost per students are adjusted to reflect final enrollments and fund availability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Edfinancialflows.png|frame|center|Visual representation of the education financial flow]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Attainment&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The algorithm for the tracking of education attainment is very straight-forward.&amp;amp;nbsp; The model maintains the structure of the population not only by age and sex categories, but also by years and levels of completed education.&amp;amp;nbsp; In each year of the model’s run, the youngest adults pick up the appropriate total years of education and specific levels of completed education.&amp;amp;nbsp; The model advances each cohort in 1-year time steps after subtracting deaths. In addition to cohort attainment, the model also calculates overall attainment of adults (15+ and 25+) as average years of education&amp;amp;nbsp; (EDYRSAG15, EDYRSAG25) and as share of people 15+ with a certain level of education completed (EDPRIPER, EDSECPER, EDTERPER).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One limitation of our model is that it does not represent differential mortality rates associated with different levels of education attainment (generally lower for the more educated).&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;color: #990000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[1]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;This leads, other things equal, to a modest underestimate of adult education attainment, growing with the length of the forecast horizon.&amp;amp;nbsp; The averaging method that IFs uses to advance adults through the age/sex/education categories also slightly misrepresents the level of education attainment in each 5-year category.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Edattainment.png|frame|center|Visual representation of education attainment]] &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;color: #990000&amp;quot; data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;1]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;The multi-state demographic method developed and utilized by IIASA does include education-specific mortality rates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Learning Quality of Adults ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We have used test score data from twenty-five years back as an average measure for the learning quality of the adults in the model base year. Historical quality scores for primary and secondary, for all subjects combined, are used in this way to initialize adult quality scores. This is not a very accurate way of measuring adult education quality. It incorporates several crude assumptions, for example, the quality score of adults of a certain age are same as the quality score when these adults were in school. This is the best we could do given the availability of data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The model starts with spreading these quality scores into scores for each of the five-year age-sex cohorts. As the model runs, students age and join the youngest of the adult cohorts carrying their quality score with them. Also, as the model runs, each year each of the five-year cohorts is joined by some from the younger cohorts and left by others who move to the older cohort. The scores of the cohort are re-aggregated each year to reflect the score changes from these entry and exit. Population weighted average of all five-year age-sex cohorts gives two quality scores (EDQUALAG15PRI and EDQUALAG15SEC) for the adults, 15 years and older. An overall adult score (EDQUALAG15) is obtained by averaging these two. This score drives multi-factor productivity in the economic model of IFs.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Equations&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Overview&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The IFs education model represent two types of educational stocks, [[Education#Equations:_Student_Flow|stocks of pupils]]&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;and stocks of adults with a certain level of [[Education#Equations:Attainment|educational attainment]] &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;. &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;These stocks are initialized with historical data. The simulation model then recalculates the stock each year from its level the previous year and the net annual change resulting from inflows and outflows.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The core dynamics of the model is in these [[Education#Equations:_Student_Flow|flow rates]]&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;. These&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;flow&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;rates are expressed as a percentage of age-appropriate population and thus have a theoretical range of zero to one hundred percent. Growing systems with a saturation point usually follow a sigmoid (S-shaped) trajectory with low growth rates at the two ends as the system begins to expand and as it approaches saturation. Maximum growth in such a system occurs at an inflection point, usually at the middle of the range or slightly above it, at which growth rate reverses direction. Some researchers (Clemens 2004; Wils and O’Connor 2003) have identified sigmoid trends in educational expansion by analyzing enrollment rates at elementary and secondary level. The IFs education model is not exactly a trend extrapolation; it is rather a forecast based on fundamental drivers, for example, income level. Educational rates in our model are driven by income level, a systemic shift algorithm and a [[Education#Equations:_Budget_Flow|budget impact]]&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;resulting from the availability of public fund. However, there are growth rate parameters for most of the flows that allow model user to simulate desired growth that follows a sigmoid-trajectory. Another area that makes use of a sigmoid growth rate algorithm is the boost in flow rates as a result of budget surplus.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Intake (or transition), survival, enrollment and completion are some of the rates that IFs model forecast. Rate forecasts [[Education#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Education|cover]]&amp;amp;nbsp;elementary&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;, lower secondary, upper secondary and tertiary levels of education with separate equations for boys and girls for each of the rate variables. All of these rates are required to calculate pupil stocks while completion rate and dropout rate (reciprocal of survival rate) are used to determine educational attainment of adults.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;On the financial side of education, IFs forecast cost per student for each level. These per student costs are multiplied with enrollments to calculate fund demand. Budget allocation calculated in IFs [[Socio-Political#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Socio-Political|socio-political module]] &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;is&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;sent back to&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;education model to calculate final enrollments and cost per student as a result of fund shortage or surplus.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The population module provides cohort population to the education model. The [[Economics#Dominant_Relations:_Economics|economic model]] provides&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;per capita income and the socio-political model provides budget allocation. Educational attainment of adults calculated by the education module affects [[Population#Fertility_Detail|fertility]] and [[Population#Mortality_Detail|mortality]] in the [[Population#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Demographic|population]] and&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[Health#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Health|health]] modules, affects productivity in the economic module and affects other socio-political outcomes like [[Governance#Inclusiveness|governance and democracy]] levels&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Equations: Student Flow&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Econometric Models for Core Inflow and Outflow ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enrollments at various levels of education - EDPRIENRN, EPRIENRG, EDSECLOWENRG, EDSECUPPRENRG, EDTERENRG - are initialized with historical data for the beginning year of the model. Net change in enrollment at each time step is [[Education#Education_Student_Flow|determined by inflows]] (intake or transition) and outflows (dropout or completion). Entrance to the school system (EDPRIINT, EDTERINT), transition from the lower level (EDSECLOWRTRAN, EDSECUPPRTRAN) - and outflows - completion (EDPRICR), dropout or it&#039;s reciprocal, survival (EDPRISUR) - are some of these rates that are forecast by the model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The educational flow rates are best explained by per capita income that serves as a proxy for the families&#039; opportunity cost of sending children to school. For each of these rates, separate regression equations for boys and girls are estimated from historical data for the most recent year. These regression equations, which are updated with most recent data as the model is rebased with new data every five years, are usually logarithmic in form. The following figure shows such a regression plot for net intake rate in elementary against per capita income in PPP dollars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In each of the forecast years, values of the educational flow rates [[File:EdcrosssectionalGDP.png|frame|right|Example of an econometric models for core inflow and outflow]]are first determined from these regression equations. Independent variables used in the regression equations are endogenous to the IFS model. For example, per capita income, GDPPCP, forecast by the IFs&amp;amp;nbsp;[[Economics#Dominant_Relations:_Economics|economic model]]&amp;amp;nbsp;drives many of the educational flow rates. The following equation shows the calculation of one such student flow rate (CalEdPriInt) from the log model of net primary intake rate shown in the earlier figure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalEdPriInt_{g=1,r,t}=77.347+9.6372lnGDPPCP_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While all countries are expected to follow the regression curve in the long run, the residuals in the base year make it difficult to generate a smooth path with a continuous transition from historical data to regression estimation. We handle this by adjusting regression forecast for country differences using an algorithm that we call &amp;quot;shift factor&amp;quot; algorithm. In the first year of the model run we calculate a shift factor (EDPriIntNShift) as the difference (or ratio) between historical data on net primary intake rate (EDPRIINTN) and regression prediction for the first year for all countries. As the model runs in subsequent years, these shift factors (or initial ratios) converge to zero or one if it is a ratio (code routine ConvergeOverTime in the equation below) making the country forecast merge with the global function gradually. The period of convergence for the shift factor (PriIntN_Shift_Time) is determined through trial and error in each case.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdPriIntNShift_{g,r,t=1}=EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t=1}-CalEdPriInt_{g,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t}=CalEdPriInt_{g,r,t}+ConvergeOverTime(EdPriIntNShift_{g,r,t=1},0,PriIntNShiftTime)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The base forecast on flow rates resulting from of this regression model with country shift is used to calculate the demand for funds. These base flow rates might change as a result of budget impact based on the availability or shortage of education budget explained in the [[Education#Equations:_Budget_Flow|budget flow section]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Systemic Shift ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Access and participation in education increases with socio-economic developments that bring changes to people&#039;s perception about the value of education. This upward shifts are clearly visible in cross-sectional regression done over two adequately apart points in time. The next figure illustrates such shift by plotting net intake rate for boys at the elementary level against GDP per capita (PPP dollars) for two points in time, 1992 and 2000.[[File:EdGDPnetintake.png|frame|right|Net intake rate for boys at the elementary level against GDP per capita (PPP dollars)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs education model introduces an algorithm to represent this shift in the regression functions. This &amp;quot;systemic shift&amp;quot; algorithm starts with two regression functions about 10 to 15 years apart. An additive factor to the flow rate is estimated each year by calculating the flow rate (CalEdPriInt1 and CalEdPriInt2 in the equations below) progress required to shift from one function, e.g., &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;to the other, s, &amp;amp;nbsp;in a certain number of years (SS_Denom), as shown below. This systemic shift factor (CalEdPriIntFac) is then added to the flow rate (EDPRIINTN in this case) for a particular year (t) calculated from regression and country shift as described in the previous section.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalEdPriInt1_{g,r,t}=f_1(GDPPCP_{g,r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalEdPriInt2_{g,r,t}=f_2(GDPPCP_{g,r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalEdPriIntFac_{g,r,t}=\frac{t-1}{SSDenom}*(CalEdPriInt2_{g,r,t}-CalEdPriInt1_{g,r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t}=EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t}+CalEdPriIntFac_{g,r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As said earlier, [[Education#Education_Student_Flow|Student flow]] rates are expressed as a percentage of underlying stocks like the number of school age children or number of pupils at a certain grade level. The flow-rate dynamics work in conjunction with population dynamics (modeled inside IFs [[Population#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Demographic|population module]]) to forecast enrollment totals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Grade Flow Algorithm ===&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Once the core inflow (intake or transition) and outflow (survival or completion) are determined, enrollment is calculated from grade-flows. Our grade-by-grade student flow model therefore uses some simplifying assumptions in its calculations and forecasts. We combine the effects of grade-specific dropout, repetition and reentry into an average cohort-specific grade-to-grade dropout rate, calculated from the survival rate (EDPRISUR for primary) of the entering cohort over the entire duration of the level (&#039;&#039;&#039;EDPRILEN&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;&#039;for primary). Each year the number of new entrants is determined by the forecasts of the intake rate (EDPRIINT) and the entrance age population. In successive years, these entrants are moved to the next higher grades, one grade each year, subtracting the grade-to-grade dropout rate (DropoutRate). The simulated grade-wise enrollments (GradeStudents with Gcount as a subscript for grade level) are then used to determine the total enrollment at the particular level of education (EDPRIENRG for Primary).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are some obvious limitations of this simplified approach. While our model effectively includes repeaters, we represent them implicitly (by including them in our grade progression) rather than representing them explicitly as a separate category.&amp;amp;nbsp; Moreover, by setting first grade enrollments to school entrants, we exclude repeating students from the first grade total.&amp;amp;nbsp; On the other hand, the assumption of the same grade-to-grade flow rate across all grades might somewhat over-state enrollment in a typical low-education country, where first grade drop-out rates are typically higher than the drop-out rates in subsequent grades.&amp;amp;nbsp; Since our objective is to forecast enrollment, attainment and associated costs by level rather than by grade, however, we do not lose much information by accounting for the approximate number of school places occupied by the cohorts as they proceed and focusing on accurate representation of total enrollment.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;DropoutRate_{g,r,t}=1-(\frac{EDPRISUR_{g,r,t}}{100})^{\frac{1}{\mathbf{EDPRILEN}_r-1}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GradeStudents_{GCount=1,g,r,t}=EDPRIINT_{g,r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GradeStudents_{Gcount,g,r,t}=GradeStudents_{Gcount-1,g,r,t}*(1-DropoutRate_{g,r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRIENRG_{g,r,t}=\sum^\mathbf{EDPRILEN}_{Gcount=1}GradeStudents_{Gcount,g,r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=== Gross and Net ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Countries with a low rate of schooling, especially those that are catching up, usually have a large number of over-age students. Enrollment and entrance rates that count students of all ages are called gross rates in contrast to the net rate that only takes the of-age students in the numerator of the rate calculation expression. UNESCO report net and gross rates separately for entrance and participation in elementary. IFs education model forecasts both net and gross rate in primary education. An overage pool (PoolPrimary) is estimated at the model base year using net and gross intake rate data. Of-age non-entrants continue to add to the pool (PoolInflow). The pool is exhausted using a rate (PcntBack) determined by the gross and net intake rate differential at the base year. The over-age entrants (cOverAgeIntk_Pri) gleaned from the pool are added to the net intake rate (EDPRIINTN) to calculate the gross intake rate (EDPRIINT).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;PoolPrimary_{r,g,t=1}=f(EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t=1},EDPRIINT_{g,r,t=1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;PcntBack_{r,g}=f(PoolPrimary_{r,g,t=1},EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t=1},EDPRIINT_{g,r,t=1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;PoolInflow=f(EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;cOverAgeIntkPri=f(EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t},PoolPrimary_{g,r,t},PcntBack_{r,g})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;PoolPrimary_{r,g,t}=PoolPrimary_{r,g,t-1}+PoolInflow-cOverAgeIntkPri&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRIINT_{g,r,t}=EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t}+cOverAgeIntkPri&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Vocational Education ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs education model forecasts vocational education at lower and upper secondary levels. The variables of interest are vocational shares of total enrollment in lower secondary (EDSECLOWRVOC) and the same in upper secondary (EDSECUPPRVOC). Country specific vocational participation data collected from UNESCO Institute for Statistics do not show any common trend in provision or attainment of vocational education across the world. International Futures model initialize vocational shares with UNESCO data, assumes the shares to be zero when no data is available and projects the shares to be constant over the entire forecasting horizon.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs also provides two scenario intervention parameters for lower (&#039;&#039;edseclowrvocadd) &#039;&#039;and upper secondary (&#039;&#039;edsecupprvocadd&#039;&#039;) vocational shares. These parameters are additive with a model base case value of zero. They can be set to negative or positive values to raise or lower the percentage share of vocational in total enrollment. Changed vocational shares are bound to an upper limit of seventy percent. This upper bound is deduced from the upper secondary vocational share in Germany, which at about 67% is the largest among all vocational shares for which we have data. Changes to the vocational share through the additive parameters will also result in changes in the total enrollment, e.g., EDSECLOWRTOT for lower secondary, which is calculated using general (non-vocational) enrollment (EdSecTot_Gen) and vocational share, as shown in the equations below (for lower secondary).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDSECLOWRVOCI_{g,r}=EDSECLOWRVOC_{g,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDSECLOWRVOC_{g,r,t}=EDSECLOWRVOCI_{g,r}+edseclowrvocadd_{g,r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDSECLOWRTOT_{g,r,t}=\frac{EdSecTotGen_{g,r,t}}{1-\frac{EDSECLOWRVOC_{g,r,t}}{100}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Forecasts of &#039;&#039;EdSecTot_Gen&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;g,r,t&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; &#039;&#039;&amp;amp;nbsp;is obtained in the full lower secondary model using transition rates from primary to lower secondary and survival rates of lower secondary.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Science and Engineering Graduates in Tertiary ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Strength of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) programs is an important indicator of a country’s technological innovation capacities. IFs education model forecasts the share of science and engineering degrees (EDTERGRSCIEN) among all tertiary graduates in a country. Data for this variable is available through UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The forecast is based on a regression of science and engineering share on average per person income in constant international dollar (GDPPCP). There is an additive parameter (&#039;&#039;edterscienshradd&#039;&#039;), with a base case value of zero, that can be used to add to (or subtract from) the percentage share of science and engineering among tertiary graduates. This parameter does not have any effect on the total number of tertiary graduates (EDTERGRADS).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDTERGRSCIEN_{r,t}=f(GDPPCP_{r,t})+edterscienshradd_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Education Equations: Learning Quality&amp;amp;nbsp; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The deeper driver of learning quality in IFs education model is the educational attainment of the adult population. Attainment is strongly correlated with the level of development. Higher educational attainment countries have a good education system and high resource availability for education. It also signals societies to shift educational priorities towards learning quality as the quantity goals are achieved.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spending in education is a more proximate driver of learning quality. The evidence on the impact of spending on quality is not always strong. Moreover, the strong correlation between spending and attainment tells us any impact of spending needs to be attainment neutral. In our model, spending variables boost (or reduce) quality scores only when they are above (or below) the spending in other societies with a similar level of development.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other proximate drivers that affect quality scores in our model are governance and security situations. For example, corruption can reduce the effectivity of spending. We attenuate the spending impact through the corruption variable (GOVCORRUPT) forecast in the IFs governance model. The presence of violence and conflicts in the society can impact both enrollment and quality. We have recently added some causal connection from the governance security index (GOVSECURIND) to learning quality and survival rate. Learning quality scores are forecast in three steps:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a.forecast overall score,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b.forecast subject scores using the forecast on overall score, c. compute gendered forecast for all scores forecast in steps a and b. In this section we shall describe these steps for learning quality scores in elementary education (EDQUALPRIALL etc.). The secondary level education quality model follows a similar algorithm using the same driver variables or those that are relevant to secondary. For example, per student spending variable used in secondary education model is EDEXPERSEC, expenditure per secondary student.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Forecasting Overall Score ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the first step we forecast the overall (i.e., all subjects combined) scores (&#039;&#039;EDQUALPRIALL&#039;&#039;) using a regression model driven by educational attainment of adults twenty-five-years and older (&#039;&#039;EDYRSAG25)&#039;&#039;. We use available historical data and various estimation techniques to build a full cross-section of EDQUALPRIALL for the base year. These base year values are used to plot the regression function. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The regression model is used to compute the initial forecast of the overall score&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Calcscore_{r,t}=f(EDYRSAG25_{p=3,r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The regression forecast is adjusted for country specific deviations to compute he final value of the quality score (EDQUALPRIALL). These deviations diminish and disappear in the long run as all countries merge with the function. This is done using the shift convergence algorithm that we use elsewhere in the model. Countries that are below the function merge at a faster pace than those that are above.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdQualPriAllShift_{r}= EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t=1}-Calscore_{r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If EdQualPriAllShift_{r}=&amp;lt; 0, EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t}= Calcscore_{r,t}+ ConvergeOverTime(EdQualPriAllShift_{r},0,50)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If EdQualPriAllShift_{r}&amp;gt;0, EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t} = Calcscore_{r,t}+ConvergeOverTime(EdQualPriAllShift_{r},0,85)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next we compute the contribution of educational spending (SpendingContrib) for countries that are above or below the level of spending per student that is expected of a country given its level of development. The expected value is obtained from a regression function plotted with most recent data on per student spending in primary education expressed as a percentage of per capita income (EDEXPERPRI). Per capita income (GDPPCP) is used as a proxy for the level of development. The expected value (edexperstudcomp) is adjusted for country effects by adding a country-specific shift factor (edexperPriShift). The shift factor is computed as the gap between the actual historical/estimated spending data and the computed value in the initial year. In normal situation, the computed expected value should converge to the expected function and the shift factor would converge to zero.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;edexperstudcomp_{r,t=1}= f(GDPPCP_{r,t=1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;edexperPriShift_{r}=EDEXPERPRI_{r,t=1}- edexperstudcomp_{r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;edexperstudcomp_{r,t}=[f(GDPPCP]_{r,t})+ConvergeOverTime(edexperPriShift_{r},0,50)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Various push and pull factors might keep the forecast spending below or above expectation in the future years. On one hand, demographic pressure may compel countries to keep the per student spending low. On the other, a policy push of greater spending can drive the per student spending above the expected level. The model computes the difference between expected and actual spending (Spndelta)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Spndelta_{r,t}= EDEXPERPRI_{r,t-1}- edexperstudcomp_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Returns to spending diminish with the level of spending. The diminishing return is implemented through an algorithm and parameters estimated empirically using representative historical data. The parameter edqualprispndimpthreshold allows the user to tune the impact of diminishing return, with 0 for no impact at all and 1 for full impact. The other parameter edqualprispndimpthresholdval is the threshold value of per student spending (set as 25% in the base case) by which the spending impact turns out to be negligible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;lvleff_{r,t}= edqualprispndimpthreshold*Ln(Ln(edqualprispndimpthresholdval-EDEXPERPRI]_{r,t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In countries where the level of corruption is high there will be leakage. Government corruption index in IFs is initialized with the corruption perception index computed by the Transparency International. The range for the index is 0 to 10, and a lower index value means higher corruption in the country. Education quality model penalizes spending contribution through a corruption effect (corrupteff) computed as the 10-based logarithm of the government corruption index (GOVCORRUPT) forecast by the IFs governance model. Like diminishing return, the corruption effect can be tuned with a model parameter (edqualprispndimpgov).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;corrupteff_{r,t}= edqualprispndimpgov*Log(GOVCORRUPT_{r,t-1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contribution of spending is computed as a product of all of these factors and the elasticity (edqualprispndimp) of spending to quality score.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;SpendingContrib_{r,t}= corrupteff_{r,t}* lvleff_{r,t}* Spndelta_{r,t}*edqualprispndimp&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The contribution is slowed down through a moving average to account for the fact that the educational changes take time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;SpendingContrib_{r,t}=0.9* SpendingContrib_{r,t-1}+ 0.1* SpendingContrib_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The contribution is also bound to 10 points on both ends, i.e., one standard deviation for the distribution of the scores.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;SpendingContrib_{r,t} =Amin(10,Amax (-10, SpendingContrib_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRIALL_{r,p=3,t}=EDQUALPRIALL_{r,p=3,t}+ SpendingContrib_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The impact of security (EdQualSecurImpact) is then added to the quality score. The security impact is kept within a range of +5 to -5, i.e., one half of a standard deviation of the score distribution.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRIALL_{r,p=3,t}= EDQUALPRIALL_{r,p=3,t}+ Amax(-5,Amin (5,EdQualSecurImpact_{r,Pri,t}))&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once the overall score for both sexes are computed, the model proceeds to the second step. The average scores for each of the three subject areas, reading (EDQUALPRIREAD), math (EDQUALPRIMATH) and science (EDQUALPRISCI) are computed in this step. At the initial year, the model computes the distance of the subject scores from the overall is computed at the base year.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdQualPriReadShift2Tot_{r}=EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=3,r,t=1}-EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdQualPriMathShift2Tot_{r}=EDQUALPRIMATH_{p=3,r,t=1}-EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdQualPriSciShift2Tot_{r}=EDQUALPRISCI_{p=3,r,t=1}-EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years, subject scores, for both-sexes combined, are computed by using the overall score forecast and the distance of the subject score from the overall.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=3,r,t} = EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t}+ EdQualPriReadShift2Tot_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRIMATH_{p=3,r,t} = EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t}+ EdQualPriMathShift2Tot_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRISCI_{p=3,r,t} = EDQUALPRIALL_{p=3,r,t}+ EdQualPriSciShift2Tot_{r}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Finally, in the third step, the model forecasts the gender ratio for each of the scores using gender ratio functions estimated using most recent data. The functions are driven by level of development, the indicator for which is the per capita income at purchasing power parity. We present the equations the reading score here. Math and science scores follow the same logic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;Calcratio_{r,t} =f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gender ratios derived from the function are adjusted for country initial condition using shift convergence algorithm. The shift factor is computed using the ratio of the girls’ score to that of the boys – as initialized in the pre-processor and the ratio obtained from the function.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdQualPriReadGRShift_{r}= EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=2,r,t=1}/EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=1,r,t=1} - Calratio_{r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gender ratios (defined as the ratio of girls’ scores to boys,’ as said earlier) that are below the function merge to the function over a period of fifty years. The ratio in the current year (CalratioCur) is computed by adding the shift convergence factor to the function output.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If EdQualPriReadGRShift_{r} =&amp;lt; 0, CalratioCur_{r,t}= Calratio_{r,t}+ ConvergeOverTime1(EdQualPriReadGRShift_{r},0,50)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For many countries, learning quality scores are higher for girls than that for the boys. We did not find much evidence in support of this girl-favored gender ratios to reverse. Thus, we have implemented a very slow downward convergence when the ratio is higher than the function.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;If EdQualPriReadGRShift_{r}&amp;gt; 0, CalratioCur_{r,t}=Calratio_{r,t}+ConvergeOverTime1(EdQualPriReadGRShift_{r},0,300)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The final computation in the third step uses the gender ratios and the combined (both-sexes) score to compute the score for the boys and the girls.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=1,r,t} =2* EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=3,r,t}/(1+ CalratioCur_{r,t} )&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=2,r,t} =EDQUALPRIREAD_{p=1,r,t}* CalratioCur_{r,t} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Equations: Budget Flow&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Resources required to maintain the projected student flows are determined by multiplying enrollment rates with per student cost forecasts. Availability of resources, as determined in the IFs socio-political model, affect flow rates and the final enrollment rate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Public expenditure per student (EDEXPERPRI) as a percentage of per capita income is first estimated (CalExpPerStud) using a regression equation. Country situations are added as a shift factor (EdExPerPriShift) that wears off over a period of time (&#039;&#039;&#039;edexppconv&#039;&#039;&#039;) in the same manner as those for student flow rates. The following group of equations show the calculation of per student expenditure in primary (EDEXPERPRI).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalExpPerStud_{r,t}=f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdExpPerPriShift_{r,t=1}=EDEXPERPRI_{r,t=1}-CalExpPerStud_{r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDEXPERPRI_{r,t}=CalExpPerStud_{r,t=1}+ConvergeOverTime(EdExpPerPriShift_{r,t=1},0,\mathbf{edexppconv})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Total fund demand (EDBUDDEM, see calculation below) is passed to the IFs socio-political model where a detail government budget model distributes total government consumption among various public expenditure sectors. For education allocation, an initial estimate (gkcomp) is first made from a regression function of educational spending as a percentage of GDP over GDP per capita at PPP dollars (GDPPCP) as a country gets richer.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;gkcomp_{r,Educ,t}=f(GDPPCP_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Like several other functions discussed in this sub-module, country situation is reflected by estimating country ratio (gkri) between the predicted and historical value in the base year. This ratio converges to a value of one very slowly essentially maintaining the historic ratio. Public spending on education in billion dollars (GDS) is then calculated using the regression result, GDP and the multiplicative shift.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;gkri_{r,Educ}=GDS_{r,Educ,t=1}/GDP_{r,t=1}/gkcomp_{r,Educ,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;gkshift_{r,t,Educ}=ConvergeOverTime(gkri_{r,Educ}, 200,1)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GDS_{r,Educ,t}=gkcomp_{r,Educ,t}*gkshift_{r,t,Educ}*GDP_{r,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Socio-Political#Policy_Equations:_Government_Expenditures|Sociopolitical model]]&amp;amp;nbsp;also forecast public spending in other areas of social spending, i.e., military, health, R&amp;amp;D. Another public spending sector, [[Infrastructure#Determining_the_Actual_Funds_for_Infrastructure_Spending|infrastructure]]&amp;amp;nbsp;is calculated bottom-up, i.e., as an aggregation of demand for construction and maintenance of various types of infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once all the spending shares are projected, a normalization algorithm is used to distribute the total available government consumption budget (GOVCON) among all sectors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GTOT=\sum^{NGovExp}_{s=1}GDS_{r,s}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GDS_{r,s}=\frac{GDS_{r,s}}{GTOT}*GOVCON_{r,s}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before normalization, a priority parameter allows setting aside all or part of fund demands for the ground up spending sectors, i.e., infrastructure and education. For education sector, the prioritization parameter (&#039;&#039;&#039;edbudgon&#039;&#039;&#039;) is used to set aside a certain portion of the projected education investment as shown in the equations below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GDSSetAside=GDS_{r,Educ}*(1-\mathbf{edbudgon})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GDS_{r,Educ}=GDS_{r,Educ}-GDSSetAside&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Education allocation, GDS (Educ) calculated thus is taken back to the education model. A second normalization and prioritization is done within the education model to distribute total education allocation among different levels of education. This across level normalization uses the percentage share of each educational level in the total demand for education funding. First, total expenditure demand for all levels of education combined is determined by multiplying the total enrollments with per student costs. The following equation shows the calculation for Primary.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;BudDemPri_{r,t}=UDEDExpPerPri_{r,t}*GDPPCP_{r,t}*\sum^2_{g=1}UDEnrollCT_{r,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fund demands for all levels are added up to get the total fund demand under no budget constraint. The prefixes UD here stands for budget unconstrained demand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDBudDem_{r,t}=BudDemPri_{r,t}+BudDemSecLowr_{r,t}+BudDemSecUppr_{r,t}+BudDemTer_{r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Any surplus or deficit in educational allocation, calculated as the difference between education sector allocation in the government budget model and the total fund requirement for all levels of education combined, first undergoes an adjustment algorithm that boosts (in case of surplus) or reduces (in case of deficit) per student cost for those countries which are below or above the level they are supposed to be. Post this adjustment, allocation is distributed across all levels using a normalization process based on demand.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A budget impact ratio &amp;amp;nbsp;is then calculated as the ratio of the fund demanded (CalcTotCost) and fund obtained (CalcTotSpend). This budget impact ratio (CalcBudgetImpact) &amp;amp;nbsp;increases or decreases the pre-budget (or demand side as we call it) projection of [[Education#Equations:_Student_Flow|student flow rates]] (intake, survival, and transition). The positive (upward) side of the budget impact is non-linear with the maximum boost to growth occurring when a flow rate is at or near its mid-point or within the range of the inflection points of an assumed S-shaped path, to be precise. Impact of deficit is more or less linear except at impact ratios close to 1, whence the downward impact is dampened. Final student flow rates are used to calculate final enrollment numbers using population forecasts for relevant age cohorts. Finally, cost per students are adjusted to reflect final enrollments and fund availability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Budget impacts uses a non-linear algorithm intended to generate an S-shaped growth rate. Final enrollment is then calculated from this final flow rates and any of the remaining budget is used to increase per student expenditure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalcTotCost=(EDEXPERPRI_r/100)*GDPPC_r*convtoexchange*\sum^2_{g=1}EDPRITOT_{r,g}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalcTotSpend=GDS_{r,Educ}*GDSED_{r,Pri}/SpendCostRI&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the equations above, convtoexchange is a factor that converts monetary units from PPP to exchange rate dollars, SpendCostRI is a ratio calculated at the first year of the model to reconcile historical data on aggregate and bottom-up spending.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;CalcBudgetImpact=CalcTotSpend/CalcTotCost&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t}=f(EDPRIINTN_{g,r,t},CalcBudgetImpact)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRISUR_{g,r,t}=f(EDPRISUR_{g,r,t},CalcBudgetImpact)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Equations: Attainment ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;There are two types of variables that keep track of educational attainment: average years of education of adults (EDYRSAG15, EDYRSAG15TO24 and EDYRSAG25) and percentage of adults with a certain level of education (EDPRIPER, EDSECPER, EDTERPER). Both groups forecast attainment by gender.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The basis of calculation for both groups of variables is educational attainment by age cohort and gender as contained in intermediate model variables, EDPriPopPer &amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;r.g,c,t&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; ,&amp;amp;nbsp; EDSecPopPer&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;r.g,c,t&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, EdTerPopPer&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;r.g,c,t&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; (where, r stands for country or region, g for gender, c for cohort and t for time).&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;We initialize attainments of the entire adult population (EDPRIPER, EDSECPER, EDTERPER) using historical data estimated by Barro and Lee (2000) and use a spread algorithm. The spread algorithm starts with the most recent data on school completion rate (EDPRICR for primary) which is considered as the average attainment of the graduating cohort. The algorithm then uses the differential between that completion rate and the attainment rate of the adults (EDPRIPER) to back calculates a delta reduction for each of the older cohorts (EdPriPopPer) such that averaging attainments over cohorts one can obtain average attainment for all adults (EDPRIPER).&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPriPopPer_{c,g,r,t=1}=f(EDPRIPER_{r,g,t=1},EDPRICR_{r,g,t=1})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;where, subscript c stand for five year age cohorts going from 1 to 21. Cohort 4, represents the 15 to 19 years and NC, total number of age cohorts.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;For subsequent forecast years, cohort educational attainment for each level of education is calculated by adding graduates from that level of education to the appropriate age cohort, advancing graduates from the younger cohort, and passing graduates to the older cohort.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPriPopPer_{c=pc,g,r,t}=0.8*EDPriPopPer_{c=pc,g,r,t-1}+0.2*EDPRICR_{g,r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;where, pc stands for the five year age cohort where the primary graduates belong. For all other cohorts:&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdPriPopPer_{c,g,r,t}=0.8*EdPriPopPer_{c,g,r,t-1}+0.2*EdPriPopPer_{c-1,g,r,t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Cohort attainments for secondary and tertiary education (EDSECPOPPER, EDTERPOPPER) are initialized and forecast in a similar fashion. An average years of education reflecting completion of levels is then calculated by from the cohort attainment, population and cohort length as shown in the next equation where&amp;amp;nbsp; &amp;amp;nbsp;AGEDST&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;c,g,r,t&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; contains the population of five year age cohorts and &#039;&#039;&#039;EDPRILEN&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;r,t&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;amp;nbsp;is the duration of primary cycle in years.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;AvgYearsPriEdPop_{g,r,t}=\frac{\sum^{NCohorts}_{c=pc}\frac{EDPriPopPer_{c,g,r,t}}{100}*EDPRILEN_r*AGEDST_{c,g,r,t}}{\sum^{NCohorts}_{c=pc}AGEDST_{c,g,r,t}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;For those who dropout before completing a certain level we need to calculate the partial attainment and add that to the average years of education. The average of the partial years of education at a particular year is calculated from dropouts by level and grade as shown below. Calculation of the average of partial years resulting from dropouts in primary education is illustrated in the equations below. Partial years from current year dropouts at other levels of education are calculated in the same manner and all the partial years are averaged to an overall average. This new partial attainment is then added to the partial attainment of five year cohorts which are initialized and advanced in a similar manner as that used for cohort averages on completed attainment.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;DropoutRate_{g,r,t}=f(EDPRISUR_{g,r,t},\mathbf{EDPRILEN}_r)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GrStudents_{GCount,g,r,t}=f(EDPRIINT_{g,r,t},DropoutRate_{g,r,t},\mathbf{EDPRILEN}_r)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;PartialPriPersYearsNew_{g,r,t}=\frac{(\sum^{EDPRILEN_r}_{GCount=2}GrStudents_{GCount,g,r,t}*DropoutRate_{g,r,t}*(GCount-1))*\mathbf{\sum^{EDPRILEN}_{c=EDPRISTART}}FAGEDST_{g,r,t}}{\mathbf{\sum^{EDPRILEN}_{c=EDPRISTART}}FAGEDST_{g,r,t}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Here, &amp;amp;nbsp;EDPRISUR is the survival rate in primary education, EDPRISTART is the official entrance age for primary schooling, Gr_Students is the enrollment at a certain grade, GCount is the grade counter and FAGEDST is the population of the single year age cohort corresponding to the grade level.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Overall attainment, i.e., average years of education are calculated by averaging the attainments and partial attainments of five year age cohorts as shown in the equation below. The suffixes on the variables EDYRSAG15, EDYRSAG15TO24 and EDYRSAG25 indicate the age thresholds at which or the age bracket over which attainment is averaged.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDYRSAG15_{g,r,t}=AvgYearsPriEdPop_{g,r,t}+AvgYearsSecEdPop_{g,r,t}+AvgYearsTerEdPop_{g,r,t}+PartialYearsEdPop_{g,r,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Attainments by level, i.e., EDPRIPER, EDSECPER and EDTERPER are also obtained by summing across the corresponding five year cohorts, i.e., EdPriPopPer etc.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDPRIPER_{g,r,t}=\frac{\sum^{NCohorts}_{c=4}EdPriPopPer_{c,g,r,t}*AGEDST_{c,g,r,t}}{\sum^{NCohorts}_{c=4}AGEDST_{c,g,r,t}}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Cohort attainments by level of education are also used in to build a specialized educational attainment display, commonly referred to as education pyramid in congruence with demographic pyramids used to display population by age cohorts stacked one on top of the other with the men and women cohorts put opposite to each other around a vertical axis. Education pyramid superimposes educational attainment on top of the demographic pyramid.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Learning Quality of the Adult Population ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
IFs education model forecasts average learning quality scores for men and women (&#039;&#039;EDQUALAG15&#039;&#039;). The variable is an average of two scores: the average score for those who have completed at least primary education (&#039;&#039;EDQUALAG15PRI&#039;&#039;) and a second average score for those who completed secondary education (&#039;&#039;EDQUALAG15SEC&#039;&#039;).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We could not find any cross-country database on the quality score for adults. We decided to use lagged historical test score data to initialize two quality scores- one for primary education and the other for secondary- for the adults. We assumed that the student test scores twenty-five years back is a crude measure of education quality of an adult at the age of forty today. With this assumption we would be able to measure the quality of forty-five year olds using student from thirty years back and so. However, the database on education quality score is very sparse. So, we adopted a second method of spreading the mid-point score across age cohort. However, given the lack of our understanding about how education quality changes over time we adopted the crude technique of attributing same quality score to all of the five-year adult cohorts. &amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here we will describe the initialization process. When there is no data for that prior year, IFs pre-processor attempts the standard hole-filling processes of IFs, i.e., use data from a nearby year, and if there is no data at all use various estimation technique.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALAG15PRI_{p,r,t=1} = EDQUALPRIALL_{p,r,t=-25}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALAG15SEC_{p,r,t=1} = EDQUALSECALL_{p,r,t=-25}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The average adult score is spread over adult five-year cohorts (Agedst). The scarcity of historical data and the complexity of computations involved compelled us to opt for a naive spread algorithm that adorns each cohort with the same score (EdqualPriAgeDst). We hope to adopt a more sophisticated spread when we get better data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdqualPriAgeDst_{c=4 to 21,p,r,t=1}= EDQUALAG15PRI_{p,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdqualSecAgeDst_{c=4 to 21,p,r,t=1}= EDQUALAG15SEC_{p,r,t=1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the subsequent years, the cohort scores are updated through the progression of people across the cohort structure carrying along their learning. The learning quality of the current year is combined with the quality score of the youngest of these cohorts (15 to 19-year-olds). We show below the equation for primary level score .&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdqualPriAgeDst_{c=4,p,r,t}= (4/5)* EdqualPriAgeDst_{c=4,p,r,t-1}+(1/5)* EDQUALPRIALL_{r,p,t}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdqualPriAgeDst_{c=5 to 21,p,r,t}= (4/5)* EdqualPriAgeDst_{c=4,p,r,t-1}+(1/5)* EdqualPriAgeDst_{c=4,p,r,t-1}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Population weighted average of the cohort scores determine the overall quality of the educational attainment of the adults.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALAG15PRI_(r,p,t)=(sum^{21}_{c=4}EdqualPriAgeDst_{c,p,r,t}* Agedst_{c,p,r,t })/(sum^{21}_{c=4}Agedst_{c,p,r,t} )&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALAG15SEC_(r,p,t)=(sum^{21}_{c=4}EdqualSecAgeDst_{c,p,r,t}* Agedst_{c,p,r,t })/(sum^{21}_{c=4}Agedst_{c,p,r,t} )&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A simple average of the primary and secondary scores gives the overall quality score for the adult population.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EDQUALAG15_{p,r,t} = (EDQUALAG15PRI_{p,r,t}+ EDQUALAG15SEC_{p,r,t})/2 &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:xx-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Knowledge Systems&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Overview ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Knowledge and innovation are important drivers of &amp;amp;nbsp;economic growth and human well-being. These activities also &amp;amp;nbsp;help societies address major social and environmental challenges. Education and research and a linear relationship between these and product development are no longer considered a good model of knowledge and innovation systems. However, the linear model was the first successful attempt (Bush, V, 1945) in conceptualizing the science, technology and innovation (STI) activities. One of the major contributions of these first models was the distinction between basic and applied researches and the identification of stakeholders and funding for each type as shown in the next figure.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;[[File:Edknowledge1.png|frame|right|Linear model of STI activities]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The failure of the linear model to capture the intricacies and interactions involved in the innovation process and the broader role of the public and private institutions and individuals in facilitating creation and diffusion of knowledge prompted some experts to resort to rich qualitative description of so called “national systems of innovation” starting from late 1980s, early 1990s. Increased educational attainment, fast expansion of information and communication technologies, more sophisticated production technologies and an expansion in the exchange of goods, ideas and people over the last few decades tell of something broader than just innovation constrained within national boundaries. Recent literature (citation) use concepts like knowledge economy or knowledge society to describe the systemic nature and impact of knowledge-intensive activities.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This new literature takes an evolutionary perspective and talks about a gradual unfolding of knowledge and innovation system (citation: Nelson, Freeman etc) within a country marked by a certain types of actors, institutions and organizations and the linkages across and within such components. Studies in this area range from more focused concepts of knowledge economy (citation: WB; OECD) to a broader knowledge society (citation: UNESCO; Bell), from a more qualitative innovation systems approach (citation: Nelson; Freeman) to a measurement focused innovation capacity approach (citation: GII Dutta, Archibucchi..). The complementarity of the components of such a system demands that the components be studied together. Accordingly, experts have come up with composite indices for assessing the knowledge and innovation capacities of countries around the world. Such indices give a good idea of the overall status of the innovation capacities of the country and the stage of knowledge society it is in. The components of the composite indices are categorized across four to five major dimensions (or, pillars, as some studies call these), for example, education and skills, information infrastructure, institutional regime, innovation activities (WB Knowledge Index etc).&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;International Futures (IFs) Knowledge module builds on other knowledge systems measurement approaches (cite WB KEI here) by designing a composite knowledge index (KNTOTALINDEX) comprised of five sub-indices containing a total of (x) components. The indices and the sub-indices are then forecast over the entire IFs’ horizon by combining the components which are themselves forecast through different modules of the integrated IFs model. To our knowledge, IFs is the only model capable of making such an organic forecast of the knowledge capacity of a country.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;IFs Knowledge Indices&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The capacity of a society to tap from and add to the pool of existing knowledge, local and global, depends on&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*skills and qualifications of people to assimilate existing and new knowledge,&lt;br /&gt;
*an innovation system to facilitate development or adoption of of new knowledge, processes and products&lt;br /&gt;
*a technological infrastructure to share, disseminate and regenerate knowledge and information within and across societies&lt;br /&gt;
*political and institutional environment conducive to the generation, diffusion and utilization of knowledge&lt;br /&gt;
*regulations that offer appropriate incentives towards and remove barriers from international transfer of knowledge&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The above list of the driving dimensions of a knowledge system is exhaustive, to the best of our knowledge. The list has five dimensions contrasted to the four pillars identified by the WB KAM. However, World Bank includes tariff &amp;amp; non-tariff barriers, an indicator of international transfer, in their fourth pillar on economic and institutional environment.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;IFs now has five indices representing the five dimensions described above. The details of each of these indices, and a sixth one averaged from these five, will be described later. Suffice here to say that, the indices are calculated each of the forecast years by averaging the forecasted value of relevant IFs variables, normalized over a continuous interval going from 0 to 1. That is, IFs integrated simulation, first, forecasts a specific variable, e.g., adult literacy rate, it then converts the forecast to a normalized value lying between zero to one and then averages one or more of these normalized values to obtain an index along each of the dimensions of knowledge assessment. The table below compares IFs knowledge indices with those from World Bank.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;tableGrid&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;width: 100%; border: 1px solid #cccccc&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;5&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;No.&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;Dimension/Pillar&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;World Bank Variables&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;IFs Index&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | &#039;&#039;&#039;IFs Variables&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | 1&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Human Capital&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Adult literacy rate; Secondary enrollment rate; Tertiary enrollment rate&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | KNHCINDEX&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Adult literacy rate; Adult secondary graduation rate&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | 2&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Innovation&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | R&amp;amp;D researchers, Patent count; Journal articles (all per million people)&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | KNINNOVINDEX&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Total R&amp;amp;D expenditure (% of GDP); Tertiary graduation rate in science and engineering&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | 3&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | ICT&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Telephones (land + mobile) per 1000 persons; Computers per 1000 persons; Internet users per 10000 persons&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | KNICTINDEX&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Telephone (fixed); Mobile phone; Personal Computers; Broadband&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | 4&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Economic and Institutional Regime&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot; | Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Regulatory quality; Rule of law&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | KNENVINDEX&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Freedom; Economic freedom; Government regulation quality&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | 5&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | International Transfer of Knowledge&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | KNEXTINDEX&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Economic integration index&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: center; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | 6&amp;lt;br/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Composite Index&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | Knowledge Index, KI (from the first three) and Knowledge Economy Index, KEI (from all 4)&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | KNTOTALINDEX&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px&amp;quot; | &lt;br /&gt;
From all of the above&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Edknowledge2.png|frame|center|IFs Knowledge Model]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Knowledge Systems Equations: Total Knowledge Index&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;The composite index (KNTOTALINDEX) consists of five sub-indices, of which the first four contains national actors and institutions only. The fifth one, international transfer index (KNEXTINDEX), attempts to capture the impact of global knowledge flows through a measure of the country’s openness to the international system. The first four sub-indices - human capital (KNHCINDEX), information infrastructure (KNICTINDEX), innovation systems (KNINNOVINDEX) and governance and business environment (KNENVINDEX) – will be described below. The external index (KNEXTINDEX) is given a somewhat lower weight in the total index than the other four sub-indices which are equally weighted to a total of 90% of the total index. KNEXTINDEX itself is constructed from two equally weighted components of international trade and foreign direct investment.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;KNTOTALINDEX_{r,t}=0.9*\frac{(KNHCINDEX_{r,t}+KNICTINDEX_{r,t}+KNINNOVINDEX_{r,t}+KNENVINDEX_{r,t})}{4}+0.1*(KNEXTINDEX_{r,t})&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Knowledge Systems Equations: Knowledge Sub-Indices&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this section we describe the calculation method for various IFs knowledge indices.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Human capital Index: KNHCINDEX ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of this index is to capture the cross-country differences in the productive capacity of an average worker. We use two educational stock variables for the purpose. Differences in the rate of literacy, the sheer ability to read or write, make a big difference in productivity in more traditional type and/or informal activities. As the countries move gradually a more traditional agricultural economy to comparatively higher value added activities, e.g., assembling machineries or running a call center, secondary education become more important. The index is built through a combination of two sub-indices: literacy index, LitIndex and secondary attainment index, AdultSecPerIndex, weighted equally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This index could be improved by adding a measure of the quality of education and an indicator of the skill-base of the worker. Unfortunately, IFs forecasts on those two areas are limited or non-existent at this point. [Note: The sub-indices – LitIndex and AdultSecPerIndex – used for this and other knowledge indices are calculated only in the model code. They are not available for display.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;KNHCINDEX_{r,t}=(LitIndex_{r,t}+AdultSecPerIndex_{r,t})/2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Literacy index, with a theoretical range of values from 0 to 1, is calculated by dividing literacy rate, LIT, which can range from 0 to 100, by 100.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;LitIndex_{r,t}=LIT_{r,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the sub-index on secondary attainment (percentage of adults with completed secondary education), we use a similar normalization algorithm like the literacy sub-index.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;AdultSecPerIndex_{r,t}=EDSECPER_{r,total,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
LIT and EDSECPER are forecast in the IFs [[Population|population]] and [[Education#Education|education]] modules.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because it excludes any measure of higher education which is included in the innovation sub-index (KNINNOVINDEX) described below, KNHCINDEX turns out to be very useful in showing the differences across developing countries. Even for richer countries, most of which achieved near universal secondary enrollment and universal literacy, the index shows significant variance coming from the secondary attainment differences among the elderly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Edknowledge3.png|frame|center|KNINNOVINDEX]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Innovation Index: KNINNOVINDEX ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This IFs knowledge sub-index measures the innovation capacity of a nation through its R&amp;amp;D inputs – resources and personnel. It comprises of a total R&amp;amp;D expenditure index and a tertiary science and engineering graduation index as shown in the equations below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;KNINNOVINDEX_{r,t}=(RandDExpIndex_{r,t}+EdTerGrateIndex_{r,t})/2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For R&amp;amp;D expenditure, the highest spenders like Israel and Finland, spend close to or little over 4% of GDP and we use that number as a maximum to normalize all other countries in a zero to one range.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;RandDExpIndex_{r,t}=RANDDEXP_{r,t}/4&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For science and engineering graduation rate, 25% is used as a maximum. The equations below show the calculation which uses tertiary graduation percentage, EDTERGRATE &amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;Total&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and the share of total graduates that obtain a science or engineering degree, EDTERGRSCIEN, both of which are forecast in the IFs education model.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EdTerGrateIndex_{r,t}=EDTERGRATE_{r,total,t}*\frac{EEDTERGRSCIEN_{r,t}}{100}/25&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== ICT Index: KNICTINDEX ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Information and communication technologies (ICT) have a very significant role in facilitating the creation and diffusion of knowledge. IFs knowledge sub-index on ICT is built from the diffusion rates of core ICT technologies mobile, landline, broadband and a personal computer access rate sub-index. The telephone lines (fixed lines) sub-index, unlike the other three, use the logarithm of telephone line access rates as the differences in impacts of plain old telephone system decreases at higher access rates. In fact, the gradual shift from a wired to a wireless line as a personal communication device, demands that we reconsider the inclusion of this component in the ICT index.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;KNICTINDEX_{r,t}=(ICTTelephoneIndex_{r,t}+ICTMobileIndex_{r,t}+ICTBroadIndex_{r,t}+ICTComputersIndex_{r,t})/4&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;ICTTelephoneIndex_{r,t}=log(INFRATELE_{r,t})/3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;ICTMobileIndex_{r,t}=ICTMOBIL_{r,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;ICTBroadIndex_{r,t}=ICTBROAD_{r,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;ICTComputersIndex_{r,t}=ICTCOMPUTERS_{r,t}/100&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Governance and Regulatory Environment: KNENVINDEX&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The existence of economic and regulatory institutions and an effective governance of such institutions are important for generation, diffusion and utilization of knowledge. IFs knowledge sub-index representing these, KNENVINDEX, is calculated from three sub-indices which are themselves indices forecast by other IFs modules. These indices, one for economic freedom, a second one for overall freedom in the society and a third one on governance regulatory quality are each normalized to a 0 to 1 scale and averaged to get KNENVINDEX.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;For the variables economic freedom, political freedom and governance regulation quality and average them to KNENVINDEX.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;KNENVINDEX_{r,t}=(EconFreeIndex_{r,t}+FreeDomIndex_{r,t}+GovRegQualIndex_{r,t})/3&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;EconFreeIndex_{r,t}=ECONFREE_{r,t}/10&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;FreeDomIndex_{r,t}=FREEDOM_{r,t}/14&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;GovRegQualIndex_{r,t}=GOVREGQUAL_{r,t}/5&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== &amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;International Transfer Index: KNEXTINDEX&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;KNEXTINDEX attempts to represent cross-national knowledge flows, a major phenomenon in today’s globalized world. The more open a country is the more likely it is for her to learn from the global advancements in science, technology and other forms of knowledge. The sub-index that IFs calculates uses two indicators, trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI indicator is given twice the weight given to trade volume.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;KNEXTINDEX_{r,t}=(TradeIndex_{r,t}+2*InvIndex_{r,t})/2&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span data-mce-mark=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;TradeIndex_{r,t}=log\frac{XRPA_{r,t}+MRPA_{r,t}}{GDPPOT_{r,t}}/log1000&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;InvIndex_{r,t}=(log(\frac{XFDISTOCK_{r,t}+XFDISTOUT_{r,t}}{GDPPOT_{r,t}}))/log(500)&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-size:x-large;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Education Bibliography&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Archibugi, Daniele, and Alberto Coco. 2005. “Measuring Technological Capabilities at the Country Level: A Survey and a Menu for Choice.” Research Policy 34(2). Research Policy: 175–194.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bush, Vannevar. 1945. Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee. 2010. &amp;quot;A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010.&amp;quot; NBER Working Paper No. 15902. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee. 2000. “International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications.” NBER Working Paper No. 7911. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bruns, Barbara, Alain Mingat, and Ramahatra Rakotomalala. 2003. Achieving Universal Primary Education by 2015: A Chance for Every Child. Washington, DC: World Bank.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Chen, Derek H. C., and Carl J. Dahlman. 2005. The Knowledge Economy, the KAM Methodology and World Bank Operations. The World Bank, October 19.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clemens, Michael A. 2004. The Long Walk to School: International education goals in historical perspective. Econ WPA, March.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpdc/0403007.html http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpdc/0403007.html].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cohen, Daniel, and Marcelo Soto. 2001. “Growth and Human Capital: Good Data, Good Results.” Technical Paper 179.&amp;amp;nbsp; Paris: OECD.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo, and Wolfgang Lutz. 2007 (April).&amp;amp;nbsp; “Human Capital, Age Structure and Economic Growth:&amp;amp;nbsp; Evidence from a New Dataset.” Interim Report IR-07-011. Laxenburg, Austria:&amp;amp;nbsp; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Delamonica, Enrique, Santosh Mehrotra, and Jan Vandemoortele.&amp;amp;nbsp;2001 (August).&amp;amp;nbsp; “Is EFA Affordable? Estimating the Global Minimum Cost of ‘Education for All’”. Innocenti Working Paper No. 87.&amp;amp;nbsp; Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp87.pdf http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp87.pdf].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dickson, Janet R., Barry B. Hughes, and Mohammod T. Irfan. 2010. Advancing Global Education. Vol 2, Patterns of Potential Human Progress series.&amp;amp;nbsp; Boulder, CO, and New Delhi, India: Paradigm Publishers and Oxford University Press.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dutta, Soumitra (Ed.). 2013. The Global Innovation Index 2013. The Local Dynamics of Innovation.&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hughes, Barry B. 2004b (March).&amp;amp;nbsp; “International Futures (IFs): An Overview of Structural Design.” Pardee Center for International Futures Working Paper, Denver, CO.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents/reports.aspx http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents/reports.aspx].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hughes, Barry B. and Evan E. Hillebrand. 2006.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;&#039;&#039;Exploring and Shaping International Futures&#039;&#039;.&amp;amp;nbsp; Boulder, Co:&amp;amp;nbsp; Paradigm Publishers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hughes, Barry B. with Anwar Hossain and Mohammod T. Irfan. 2004 (May).&amp;amp;nbsp; “The Structure of IFs.” Pardee Center for International Futures Working Paper, Denver, CO.&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents/reports.aspx http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents/reports.aspx].&amp;amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Irfan, Mohammod T. 2008.&amp;amp;nbsp; “A Global Education Transition: Computer Simulation of Alternative Paths in Universal Basic Education,” Ph.D. dissertation presented to the Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents/reports.aspx http://www.ifs.du.edu/documents/reports.aspx].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Juma, Calestous, and Lee Yee-Cheong. 2005. Innovation: Applying Knowledge in Development. London: Earthscan. (Available online at&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/Science-complete.pdf http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/Science-complete.pdf&amp;amp;nbsp;])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
McMahon, Walter W. 1999 (first published in paperback in 2002).&amp;amp;nbsp; Education and Development: Measuring the Social Benefits. Oxford:&amp;amp;nbsp; Oxford University Press.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Wils, Annababette and Raymond O&#039;Connor. 2003. “The causes and dynamics of the global education transition.” AED Working Paper. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
UNESCO. 2010. UNESCO Science Report 2010. The Current Status of Science around the World. UNESCO. Paris.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
World Bank. 2010. Innovation Policy: A Guide for Developing Countries. (Available online at&amp;amp;nbsp;[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2460/548930PUB0EPI11C10Dislosed061312010.pdf?sequence=1 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2460/548930PUB0EPI11C10Dislosed061312010.pdf?sequence=1])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
World Bank. 2007. Building Knowledge Economies: Advanced Strategies for Development. WBI Development Studies. Washington, D.C: World Bank. (Available online at&amp;amp;nbsp;[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/KFDLP/Resources/461197-1199907090464/BuildingKEbook.pdf http://siteresources.worldbank.org/KFDLP/Resources/461197-1199907090464/BuildingKEbook.pdf])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9119</id>
		<title>Version notes 7.36 (September 2018)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://pardeewiki.du.edu//index.php?title=Version_notes_7.36_(September_2018)&amp;diff=9119"/>
		<updated>2018-09-07T21:08:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wikiadmin: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;= Recent model updates =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*New education quality variables&amp;amp;nbsp;within education model&lt;br /&gt;
**See the flow chart overview of education quality [https://pardee.du.edu/wiki/Education#Education:_Learning_Quality_Scores here]&lt;br /&gt;
**See the equations for education quality here&lt;br /&gt;
*New labor model&lt;br /&gt;
*New drug demand and supply components within the Socio-Political model&lt;br /&gt;
*New societal violence variables within the Socio-Political model&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wikiadmin</name></author>
	</entry>
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