Understand IFs - Revision history

Ethan.Sullivan at 20:24, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T20:24:33Z

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	The documentation groups most of the "routes to understanding" under issue modules (such as the energy module). The exception is model code, which is collected across modules because of its specialized character.		The documentation groups most of the "routes to understanding" under issue modules (such as the energy module). The exception is model code, which is collected across modules because of its specialized character.

	The IFs model is constantly evolving. In addition to the documentation here, there is stand-alone documentation on the [https://korbel.du.edu/pardee/international-futures-platform/]page of the IFs project web site. The model user would be advised, in particular, to look at the paper on "[http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/StructureofIFsV1_0.pdf The Structure of International Futures (IFs)]."		The IFs model is constantly evolving. In addition to the documentation here, there is stand-alone documentation on the [https://korbel.du.edu/pardee/international-futures-platform/ Reports]page of the IFs project web site. The model user would be advised, in particular, to look at the paper on "[http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/StructureofIFsV1_0.pdf The Structure of International Futures (IFs)]."

	== IFs Structure: Elements and Philosophy ==		== IFs Structure: Elements and Philosophy ==

Victoria.Pepera at 18:06, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T18:06:37Z

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	The documentation groups most of the "routes to understanding" under issue modules (such as the energy module). The exception is model code, which is collected across modules because of its specialized character.		The documentation groups most of the "routes to understanding" under issue modules (such as the energy module). The exception is model code, which is collected across modules because of its specialized character.

	The IFs model is constantly evolving. In addition to the documentation here, there is stand-alone documentation on the [~~http~~://~~www.ifs~~.du.edu/~~documents~~/~~reports.aspx Reports~~]~~ ~~page of the IFs project web site. The model user would be advised, in particular, to look at the paper on "[http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/StructureofIFsV1_0.pdf The Structure of International Futures (IFs)]."		The IFs model is constantly evolving. In addition to the documentation here, there is stand-alone documentation on the [https://korbel.du.edu/pardee/international-futures-platform/]page of the IFs project web site. The model user would be advised, in particular, to look at the paper on "[http://www.ifs.du.edu/assets/documents/StructureofIFsV1_0.pdf The Structure of International Futures (IFs)]."

	== IFs Structure: Elements and Philosophy ==		== IFs Structure: Elements and Philosophy ==

Wikiadmin at 23:39, 12 September 2017

2017-09-12T23:39:18Z

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	~~[[Understand_the_Model]]~~

	= Help During Use of IFs =		= Help During Use of IFs =

Wikiadmin at 16:52, 16 August 2017

2017-08-16T16:52:14Z

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			[[Understand_the_Model]]

	= Help During Use of IFs =		= Help During Use of IFs =

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	'''Context Sensitive Help.''' The use of the F1 key will normally provide screens that provide information about the specific form or window being used at the time. These explain the interactive interface of the model.		'''Context Sensitive Help.''' The use of the F1 key will normally provide screens that provide information about the specific form or window being used at the time. These explain the interactive interface of the model.

	'''Pop-up Menus with Help Options.''' Users also want Help, however, when dealing with variables and parameters in the model. They want to know longer names for the short ones sometimes used in the model and want to understand the causal linkages of variables to each other. The use of pop-up menus at many places when variables/parameters are being chosen or used for inputs and for display opens up a variety of options for understanding the names and linkages. For instance, when a table is displayed, a double-click on the body of the table with the right or left mouse button produces a pop-up menu with several options. Similarly, at the bottom of the Display Menu or the Variable Selection form are status boxes with short variable names selected by the user. A right or left mouse click brings up [[Define, ~~Drivers~~, ~~Explain~~, ~~Code and Delete~~\|similar pop-up menu]].		'''Pop-up Menus with Help Options.''' Users also want Help, however, when dealing with variables and parameters in the model. They want to know longer names for the short ones sometimes used in the model and want to understand the causal linkages of variables to each other. The use of pop-up menus at many places when variables/parameters are being chosen or used for inputs and for display opens up a variety of options for understanding the names and linkages. For instance, when a table is displayed, a double-click on the body of the table with the right or left mouse button produces a pop-up menu with several options. Similarly, at the bottom of the Display Menu or the Variable Selection form are status boxes with short variable names selected by the user. A right or left mouse click brings up [[Define,_Drivers,_Explain,_Code_and_Delete\|similar pop-up menu]].

	The pop-up menu system was developed by Mohammod T. Irfan.		The pop-up menu system was developed by Mohammod T. Irfan.
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	More detail is available on the manifestation of this modeling approach for the following structural systems of IFs:		More detail is available on the manifestation of this modeling approach for the following structural systems of IFs:

	::Structure and Agent System: [[Agriculture#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Agriculture~~\|Agriculture]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Agriculture#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Agriculture\|Agriculture]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Population#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Demographic~~\|Demographic]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Population#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Demographic\|Demographic]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Economics#~~Structure and Agent System~~\|Economics]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Economics#Structure_and_Agent_System\|Economics]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Education#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Education~~\|Education]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Education#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Education\|Education]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Energy#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Energy~~\|Energy]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Energy#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Energy\|Energy]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Environment#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Environment~~\|Environment]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Environment#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Environment\|Environment]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Governance#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Governance~~\|Governance]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Governance#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Governance\|Governance]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Health#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Health~~\|Health]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Health#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Health\|Health]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Infrastructure#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Infrastructure~~\|Infrastructure]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Infrastructure#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Infrastructure\|Infrastructure]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[~~Interstate Politics~~ (IP)#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Interstate Interaction~~\|Interstate Interaction]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Interstate_Politics_(IP)#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Interstate_Interaction\|Interstate Interaction]]
	::Structure and Agent System: [[Socio-Political#~~Structure and Agent System~~: ~~Socio~~-Political\|Socio-Political]]		::Structure and Agent System: [[Socio-Political#Structure_and_Agent_System:_Socio-Political\|Socio-Political]]

	== Structure-Based and Agent-Class Driven Modeling ==		== Structure-Based and Agent-Class Driven Modeling ==
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	Individual equations specify a range of dimensionality only if it differs from that above.		Individual equations specify a range of dimensionality only if it differs from that above.

	==Specialized Functions==		== Specialized Functions ==

	===AnalFunc and TablFunc===		=== AnalFunc and TablFunc ===

	Throughout the IFs documentation there will also be references to analytic functions that have been added to the library of IFs functions. Because the user interface allows display and change of such functions, the form and parameters are not always elaborated in the written documentation. Some references to TablFunc persist in error from earlier versions of documentation when analytic functions were still represented as systems-dynamic like table functions, but an effort is being made to reserve TablFunc for the handful of functions that are still truly represented in such a manner. Occasionally an "F" creeps in, also referring to analytic functions in the library.		Throughout the IFs documentation there will also be references to analytic functions that have been added to the library of IFs functions. Because the user interface allows display and change of such functions, the form and parameters are not always elaborated in the written documentation. Some references to TablFunc persist in error from earlier versions of documentation when analytic functions were still represented as systems-dynamic like table functions, but an effort is being made to reserve TablFunc for the handful of functions that are still truly represented in such a manner. Occasionally an "F" creeps in, also referring to analytic functions in the library.

	===AMAX and AMIN===		=== AMAX and AMIN ===

	IFs often bounds a variables computation with upper or lower limits. This serves a number of functions, all related to assuring reasonable behavior of the model under extreme conditions. For instance, denominators that might approach 0 are bound with the AMAX function so that they take on at least some specified number – the AMAX function returns the larger of the computed value and the number specified. Other computations are subject to the AMIN function so as to avoid becoming unreasonably large (such as probabilities that exceed 1) – the AMIN function returns the smaller of the computed value and the number specified.		IFs often bounds a variables computation with upper or lower limits. This serves a number of functions, all related to assuring reasonable behavior of the model under extreme conditions. For instance, denominators that might approach 0 are bound with the AMAX function so that they take on at least some specified number – the AMAX function returns the larger of the computed value and the number specified. Other computations are subject to the AMIN function so as to avoid becoming unreasonably large (such as probabilities that exceed 1) – the AMIN function returns the smaller of the computed value and the number specified.
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	This kind of adjustment mechanism is sometimes called a PID controller, that is, an adjustment process that responds proportionately (the adjustment parameters) to the integral of the error (the stock discrepancy) and to the derivative of the error (the change in stock term). We shall see many PID controllers in IFs. For more information see the books by Chang (1961) and by Mishkin and Braun (1961) in the bibliography. An early version of this adjustment mechanism was developed by Thomas Shook for the Mesarovic-Pestel modeling project.		This kind of adjustment mechanism is sometimes called a PID controller, that is, an adjustment process that responds proportionately (the adjustment parameters) to the integral of the error (the stock discrepancy) and to the derivative of the error (the change in stock term). We shall see many PID controllers in IFs. For more information see the books by Chang (1961) and by Mishkin and Braun (1961) in the bibliography. An early version of this adjustment mechanism was developed by Thomas Shook for the Mesarovic-Pestel modeling project.

	===Standard Error Targeting===		=== Standard Error Targeting ===

	Especially for the purposes of policy analysis, we often want to force the result of an equation towards a particular value over time (e.g. to achieve the elimination of indoor use of solid fuels). Target variables are generally paired, one for the target level and one for the number of years to reach the target (from the initial year of the model forecast). Targets have different types:		Especially for the purposes of policy analysis, we often want to force the result of an equation towards a particular value over time (e.g. to achieve the elimination of indoor use of solid fuels). Target variables are generally paired, one for the target level and one for the number of years to reach the target (from the initial year of the model forecast). Targets have different types:

	====Absolute Targets====		==== Absolute Targets ====

	In this case, the target value and year define to what absolute value the variable should move and in how many years after the first model year. Together they determine a path in which the value for the variable moves linearly from the value in first year to the target value in the target year. (In some cases, the model uses non-linear convergence, e.g. to accelerate movement in early years and then to slow it as the target is approached.) Trgtval and trgtyr are the parameter suffixes used for this parameter type. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.		In this case, the target value and year define to what absolute value the variable should move and in how many years after the first model year. Together they determine a path in which the value for the variable moves linearly from the value in first year to the target value in the target year. (In some cases, the model uses non-linear convergence, e.g. to accelerate movement in early years and then to slow it as the target is approached.) Trgtval and trgtyr are the parameter suffixes used for this parameter type. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.
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	In this case, the target value and year def ine to what relative value the variable should move and in how many years after the first. The relative value is defined as the number of standard errors above or below the “expected” value of the variable of interest. (An expectation is usually based on the country's GDP per capita and a cross-sectional analysis of country values.) As with the absolute targets the value calculated using the targeting is compared to the value forecast in the model without targeting and the final forecast value gradually moves from that pre-targeting forecast value to the target value. Two different parameter suffixes are used in standard-error targeting: setar and seyrtar. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.		In this case, the target value and year def ine to what relative value the variable should move and in how many years after the first. The relative value is defined as the number of standard errors above or below the “expected” value of the variable of interest. (An expectation is usually based on the country's GDP per capita and a cross-sectional analysis of country values.) As with the absolute targets the value calculated using the targeting is compared to the value forecast in the model without targeting and the final forecast value gradually moves from that pre-targeting forecast value to the target value. Two different parameter suffixes are used in standard-error targeting: setar and seyrtar. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.

	<references/>		<references />

EmoryFerguson at 19:25, 31 July 2017

2017-07-31T19:25:13Z

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	In this case, the target value and year def ine to what relative value the variable should move and in how many years after the first. The relative value is defined as the number of standard errors above or below the “expected” value of the variable of interest. (An expectation is usually based on the country's GDP per capita and a cross-sectional analysis of country values.) As with the absolute targets the value calculated using the targeting is compared to the value forecast in the model without targeting and the final forecast value gradually moves from that pre-targeting forecast value to the target value. Two different parameter suffixes are used in standard-error targeting: setar and seyrtar. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.		In this case, the target value and year def ine to what relative value the variable should move and in how many years after the first. The relative value is defined as the number of standard errors above or below the “expected” value of the variable of interest. (An expectation is usually based on the country's GDP per capita and a cross-sectional analysis of country values.) As with the absolute targets the value calculated using the targeting is compared to the value forecast in the model without targeting and the final forecast value gradually moves from that pre-targeting forecast value to the target value. Two different parameter suffixes are used in standard-error targeting: setar and seyrtar. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.

			<references/>

EmoryFerguson at 19:24, 31 July 2017

2017-07-31T19:24:52Z

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	In this case, the target value and year define to what absolute value the variable should move and in how many years after the first model year. Together they determine a path in which the value for the variable moves linearly from the value in first year to the target value in the target year. (In some cases, the model uses non-linear convergence, e.g. to accelerate movement in early years and then to slow it as the target is approached.) Trgtval and trgtyr are the parameter suffixes used for this parameter type. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.		In this case, the target value and year define to what absolute value the variable should move and in how many years after the first model year. Together they determine a path in which the value for the variable moves linearly from the value in first year to the target value in the target year. (In some cases, the model uses non-linear convergence, e.g. to accelerate movement in early years and then to slow it as the target is approached.) Trgtval and trgtyr are the parameter suffixes used for this parameter type. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.

	====Relative (Standard Error) Targets====		==== Relative (Standard Error) Targets ====

	In this case, the target value and year def ine to what relative value the variable should move and in how many years after the first. The relative value is defined as the number of standard errors above or below the “expected” value of the variable of interest. (An expectation is usually based on the country's GDP per capita and a cross-sectional analysis of country values.) As with the absolute targets the value calculated using the targeting is compared to the value forecast in the model without targeting and the final forecast value gradually moves from that pre-targeting forecast value to the target value. Two different parameter suffixes are used in standard-error targeting: setar and seyrtar. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.		In this case, the target value and year def ine to what relative value the variable should move and in how many years after the first. The relative value is defined as the number of standard errors above or below the “expected” value of the variable of interest. (An expectation is usually based on the country's GDP per capita and a cross-sectional analysis of country values.) As with the absolute targets the value calculated using the targeting is compared to the value forecast in the model without targeting and the final forecast value gradually moves from that pre-targeting forecast value to the target value. Two different parameter suffixes are used in standard-error targeting: setar and seyrtar. The first of these changes the target itself and the second of these alters the number of years to the target.

EmoryFerguson at 19:21, 31 July 2017

2017-07-31T19:21:58Z

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	For an introductory summary of dominant relations and dynamics by submodule:		For an introductory summary of dominant relations and dynamics by submodule:

	*Dominant Relations: [[Agriculture#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Agriculture~~\|Agriculture]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Agriculture#Dominant_Relations:_Agriculture\|Agriculture]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Population#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Population~~\|Demography/Population]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Population#Dominant_Relations:_Population\|Demography/Population]]
	*Dominant Relations:[[Economics#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Economics~~\|Economics]]		*Dominant Relations:[[Economics#Dominant_Relations:_Economics\|Economics]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Education#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Education~~\|Education]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Education#Dominant_Relations:_Education\|Education]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Energy#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Energy~~\|Energy]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Energy#Dominant_Relations:_Energy\|Energy]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Environment#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Environment~~\|Environment]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Environment#Dominant_Relations:_Environment\|Environment]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Governance#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Governance~~\|Governance]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Governance#Dominant_Relations:_Governance\|Governance]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Health#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Health~~\|Health]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Health#Dominant_Relations:_Health\|Health]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Infrastructure#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Infrastructure~~\|Infrastructure]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Infrastructure#Dominant_Relations:_Infrastructure\|Infrastructure]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[~~Interstate Politics~~#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Interstate Politics~~\|Interstate Politics]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Interstate_Politics_(IP)#Dominant_Relations:_Interstate_Politics\|Interstate Politics]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Socio-Political#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Socio~~-Political\|Socio-Political]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Socio-Political#Dominant_Relations:_Socio-Political\|Socio-Political]]

	= Understanding the Equations =		= Understanding the Equations =

EmoryFerguson at 19:21, 31 July 2017

2017-07-31T19:21:03Z

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	For an introductory summary of dominant relations and dynamics by submodule:		For an introductory summary of dominant relations and dynamics by submodule:

	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/agriculture/dominant.html~~ Agriculture]		*Dominant Relations: [[Agriculture#Dominant Relations: Agriculture\|Agriculture]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/demography/dominant.html~~ Demography/Population]		*Dominant Relations: [[Population#Dominant Relations: Population\|Demography/Population]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/economics/dominant.html~~ Economics]		*Dominant Relations:[[Economics#Dominant Relations: Economics\|Economics]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/education/dominant.html~~ Education]		*Dominant Relations: [[Education#Dominant Relations: Education\|Education]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/energy/dominant.html~~ Energy]		*Dominant Relations: [[Energy#Dominant Relations: Energy\|Energy]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/environment/dominant.html~~ Environment]		*Dominant Relations: [[Environment#Dominant Relations: Environment\|Environment]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/governance/dominant.html~~ Governance]		*Dominant Relations: [[Governance#Dominant Relations: Governance\|Governance]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/health/dominant.html~~ Health]		*Dominant Relations: [[Health#Dominant Relations: Health\|Health]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/infrastructure/dominant.html~~ Infrastructure]		*Dominant Relations: [[Infrastructure#Dominant Relations: Infrastructure\|Infrastructure]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/interstate/dominant.html~~ Interstate Politics]		*Dominant Relations: [[Interstate Politics#Dominant Relations: Interstate Politics\|Interstate Politics]]
	*Dominant Relations:~~ ~~[~~http~~:~~//www.du.edu/ifs/help/understand/sociopolitical/dominant.html~~ Socio-Political]		*Dominant Relations: [[Socio-Political#Dominant Relations: Socio-Political\|Socio-Political]]

	= Understanding the Equations =		= Understanding the Equations =

EmoryFerguson at 19:10, 31 July 2017

2017-07-31T19:10:23Z

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	In representing the behavior of agent classes and the structures of systems, IFs draws upon large bodies of insight in many theoretical and modeling literatures. Although IFs sometimes breaks new ground with respect to specific sub-systems, its strengths lie primarily in the integration and synthesis of much earlier work.		In representing the behavior of agent classes and the structures of systems, IFs draws upon large bodies of insight in many theoretical and modeling literatures. Although IFs sometimes breaks new ground with respect to specific sub-systems, its strengths lie primarily in the integration and synthesis of much earlier work.

	~~<references />~~

	== Dominant Relations ==		== Dominant Relations ==

EmoryFerguson at 19:05, 31 July 2017

2017-07-31T19:05:23Z

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	Organizing structures are well-recognized and theoretical and conceptual frameworks with an organizing character for important human systems: cohort-component structures for demographic systems, markets for economic systems, financial flows for socio-political-economic systems, and so on.		Organizing structures are well-recognized and theoretical and conceptual frameworks with an organizing character for important human systems: cohort-component structures for demographic systems, markets for economic systems, financial flows for socio-political-economic systems, and so on.

	'''Stocks and flows remind us of systems dynamics.''' In demographic systems, the stocks are numbers of people in age- and sex-specific cohorts, while the flows are births, deaths, and migration. Systems dynamics would deal with the key relationships as auxiliaries, but econometrics would recognize them as equations that require empirical estimation.<ref>~~Bremer, Stuart A. 1977. Simulated Worlds: A Computer Model of National Decision-Making. Princeton: Princeton University Press.~~</ref>		'''Stocks and flows remind us of systems dynamics.''' In demographic systems, the stocks are numbers of people in age- and sex-specific cohorts, while the flows are births, deaths, and migration. Systems dynamics would deal with the key relationships as auxiliaries, but econometrics would recognize them as equations that require empirical estimation.<ref>[[Understand IFs#Dominant Relations\|1]]</ref>

	'''Key Aggregate Relationships.''' Life expectancy or mortality is a key aggregate relationship, clearly a function of income, perhaps education, and certainly of technological change. Aggregate Relationships are often actually Agent-Class behaviors that have not yet been decomposed enough to represent in terms of a single agent class. For instance, life expectancy is a function of government and firm spending on R&D as well as household life-style choices; it could eventually be decomposed to the agent-class level.		'''Key Aggregate Relationships.''' Life expectancy or mortality is a key aggregate relationship, clearly a function of income, perhaps education, and certainly of technological change. Aggregate Relationships are often actually Agent-Class behaviors that have not yet been decomposed enough to represent in terms of a single agent class. For instance, life expectancy is a function of government and firm spending on R&D as well as household life-style choices; it could eventually be decomposed to the agent-class level.

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	For an introductory summary of dominant relations and dynamics by submodule:		For an introductory summary of dominant relations and dynamics by submodule:

	*Dominant Relations: [[Agriculture#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Agriculture~~\|Agriculture]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Agriculture#Dominant_Relations:_Agriculture\|Agriculture]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Population#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Population~~\|Demography/Population]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Population#Dominant_Relations:_Population\|Demography/Population]]
	*Dominant Relations:[[Economics#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Economics~~\|Economics]]		*Dominant Relations:[[Economics#Dominant_Relations:_Economics\|Economics]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Education#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Education~~\|Education]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Education#Dominant_Relations:_Education\|Education]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Energy#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Energy~~\|Energy]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Energy#Dominant_Relations:_Energy\|Energy]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Environment#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Environment~~\|Environment]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Environment#Dominant_Relations:_Environment\|Environment]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Governance#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Governance~~\|Governance]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Governance#Dominant_Relations:_Governance\|Governance]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Health#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Health~~\|Health]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Health#Dominant_Relations:_Health\|Health]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Infrastructure#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Infrastructure~~\|Infrastructure]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Infrastructure#Dominant_Relations:_Infrastructure\|Infrastructure]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[~~Interstate Politics~~#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Interstate Politics~~\|Interstate Politics]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Interstate_Politics_(IP)#Dominant_Relations:_Interstate_Politics\|Interstate Politics]]
	*Dominant Relations: [[Socio-Political#~~Dominant Relations~~: ~~Socio~~-Political\|Socio-Political]]		*Dominant Relations: [[Socio-Political#Dominant_Relations:_Socio-Political\|Socio-Political]]

	= Understanding the Equations =		= Understanding the Equations =