Agriculture

The most recent and complete agriculture model documentation is available on Pardee's website. Although the text in this interactive system is, for some IFs models, often significantly out of date, you may still find the basic description useful to you.

The IFs agricultural model tracks the supply and demand, including imports, exports, and prices, of three agricultural commodities: crops, meat, and fish. Crops, meat and fish have direct food, animal feed, industrial and food manufacturing uses. The agricultural model is also where land use dynamics and water use are tracked in IFs, as these are key resources for the agricultural sector.

The structure of the agriculture model is very much like that of the economic model. It combines a growth process with a partial economic equilibrium process using stocks and prices to seek a balance between the demand and supply sides. As in the economic model, no effort is made in the standard adjustment mechanism to obtain a precise equilibrium in any time step. Instead stocks serve as a temporary buffer and the model chases equilibrium over time.

The most important linkages between the agriculture model and other models within IFs are with the economic model. The economic model provides forecasts of average income levels, labor supply, total consumer spending, and agricultural investment, all of which are used in the agriculture model. In turn, the agriculture model provides forecasts on agricultural production, imports, exports, and demand for investment, which override the sectoral computations in the economic model. The agricultural model also has important links to the population and health models, using population forecasts and providing forecasts of calorie availability.

Dominant Relations

Agricultural production is a function of the availability of resources, e.g. land, livestock, capital, and labor, as well as climate factors and technology. Technology is most directly seen in the changing productivity of land in terms of crop yields, and in the production of meat relative to the input level of feed grain. The model also accounts for lost production (such as spoilage in the fields or in the first stages of the food supply chain), distribution and transformation losses and consumption losses (which account for food lost at the household levels) which are all determined by average income.

Agricultural demand depends on average incomes, prices, and a number of other factors. For example, changing diets can affect the demand for meat, which in turn affects the demand for feed crops. The industrial demand for crops, some of which is directed to the production of biofuels, is also affected by energy prices.

Production and demand, along with existing and desired stocks and historical trade patterns determine the trade in agricultural products. The differences in the supply of crops, meat, and fish (production after accounting for losses and trade) and the demand for these commodities are reflected in shifts in agricultural stocks. Stock shortages feed forward to actual consumption, which is addressed in the population model of IFs. Stocks, particularly changes in stocks, are a key driver of changes in crop prices. Crop prices are also influenced by the returns to agricultural investment and therefore to the basic underlying cost structure. Meat prices are tied to, and track world crop prices, while changes in fish prices are driven by changes in fish stocks.

Stocks and stock changes also play a role, along with general economic and agricultural demand growth, in driving the demand for agricultural investment. The actual levels of investment are finalized in the economic model of IFs and subject to constraints there. The investment can be of two types – investment for expanding and maintaining cropland (extensification) and investment for increasing crop yields per unit area (intensification). The expected relative rates of return determine the split.

The final key dynamics addressed in the agriculture model relate to land, livestock, and water. The latter of these is very straightforward, driven only by crop production. Changes in livestock are determined by changes in the amount of available grazing land, changes in the demand for meat, and the ability of countries to meet this demand as reflected in changing stocks.

In the IFs model, land is divided into 5 categories: crop land, grazing land, forest land, ’other’ land, and urban or built-up land. First, changes in urban land are driven by changes in average income and population, and draws from all other land types. Second, the investment in cropland development is the primary driver of changes in cropland, with shifts being compensated by changes in forest and "other" land. Third, changes in grazing land are a function of average income, with shifts again being compensated by changes in forest and "other" land. Finally, conservation policies can influence the amount of forest land, with any necessary adjustments coming from crop and grazing land. 

Structure and Agent System

System/Subsystem	Agriculture
Organizing Structure	Partial market equilibrium
Stocks	Capital, labor, accumulated technology, agricultural commodities, land
Flows	Production, loss, consumption, trade, investment
Key Aggregate  Relationships  (illustrative, not comprehensive)	Production function with endogenous technological change  Price determination
Key Agent-Class Behavioral  Relationships (illustrative, not comprehensive)	Household crop, meat, and fish consumption Industry crop use Livestock producers crop use

Flow Charts

Overview

The agriculture model combines a growth process in production with a partial equilibrium process that replaces the agricultural sector in the full-equilibrium economic model unless the user disconnects it. The model represents three agricultural commodities: crop, meat, and fish.

The key equilibrating variables are the stocks of the three commodities. Equilibration works via investment to control capital stock and via prices to control domestic demand.

Specifically, as food stocks rise, investment falls, restraining capital stock and agricultural production, and thus holding down stocks. Also, as stocks rise, prices fall, thereby increasing domestic demand, further holding down stocks. Domestic production and demand also influence imports and exports directly, which further affect stocks.

Agricultural Production

Crop Production

Crop production is most simply a product of the land under cultivation (cropland) and the crop yield per hectare of land. Yield is determined in a Cobb-Douglas type production function, the inputs to which are agricultural capital, labor, and technical change. Technical change is conceptualized as being responsive to price signals, but the model uses food stocks in the computation to enhance control over the temporal dynamics of responsiveness.  Specifically, technology responds to the imbalance between desired and actual food stocks globally.  In addition there is a direct response of yield change to domestic food stocks that represents not so much technical change as farmer behavior in the fact of market conditions (e.g. planting more intensively). Overall, basic annual yield growth is bound by the maximum of the initial model year's yield growth and an exogenous parameter of maximum growth.

This basic yield function is further subject to a saturation factor that is computed internally to the model̶–investments in increasing yield are subject to diminishing rather than constant returns to scale. Moreover, changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) will affect agricultural yields both directly through CO₂ and indirectly through changes in temperature and precipitation. Finally, the user can rely on parameters to increase or decrease yield patterns indirectly with a multiplier or to use parameters to control the saturation effect and the direct and indirect effects of CO₂ on crop yield.

Agricultural Production Flowchart

Meat and Fish Production

Meat and fish production are represented far more simply than crop production. Meat production is simply the product of livestock herd size and the slaughter rate. Meat production includes production of non-meat animal products (eg. Milk and eggs). The herd size changes over time in response to global and domestic meat stocks, as well as changes in the demand for meat and the amount of grazing land.

Fish production has two components: wild catch and aquaculture. The former is based on actual data and an exogenous parameter that allows the user to influence rate of catch. Aquaculture is assumed to continue to grow at a country-specific growth rate; a multiplier can also be used to increase or decrease aquaculture production.  

Meat and Fish Production Flowchart

Agricultural Demand

Overview

Agricultural demand is divided into crops, meat, and fish. Crop demand is further divided into industrial, animal feed, and human food demand. 

Food demand from crops, meat and fish are responsive to calorie demand, which in turn responds to GDP per capita (as a proxy for income).  The division of calorie demand between demand for calories from crops and from meat and fish changes in response also to GDP per capita (increasing with income). Caloric demand is used as the basis to compute food demand through conversion to food demand in terms of grams per capita. The caloric value of demand is also used to compute food demand in terms of proteins per capita. 

In addition to food demand, demand for feed, industrial demand for meat, crops and fish and food manufacturing demand are also computed. When all components of agricultural demand are computed, the price of the food elements of it are checked to assure that the total household demand for food does not exceed a high percentage of total country-level household consumption expenditures.

Calorie Demand

Crop use for food and meat demand are both influenced by calorie demand. Total per capita calorie demand is driven by GDP per capita, but can be limited by calorie availability as well as by an exogenous parameter specifying maximum calorie need.

Calorie demand flowchart

The calculations of demand for meat, fish and food crop determine the ultimate division of calorie sources.  There is also a limit to the share of calories that can come from meat. The demand for calories from crops is simply the residual obtained by subtracting the demand for calories from meat and fish from the demand for total calories. Caloric value of demand is used to compute food demand in terms of grams per capita and in terms of proteins per capita.  Caloric value of demand is adjusted for elasticities to prices for all three categories namely crops, meat and fish.

The user can manipulate calorie demand through the use of an exogenous calorie multiplier and can reduce undernourishment to 5 percent of the population over time through the usage of two other hunger elimination parameters.

Food Demand for Crops, Meat and Fish

Food demand is driven by the demand for calories. A conversion factor translates calorie demand into food demand in terms of grams per capita.  Crop prices and an elasticity affect the resultant food demand.  So too does a constraint on the maximum calories per capita and the size of the population. 

Food demand flowchart

Industrial Demand

Industrial demand (examples would be textile use of cotton or beverage inputs use of barley) is driven primarily by GDP per capita and population.   Another important use in recent years has been for biofuels, and that demand component is responsive to world energy price and an elasticity.

Crop prices also influence total industrial demand for crops.  A maximum per capita demand parameter constrains the total and an exogenous multiplier allows users to alter the total.

Industrial demand flowchart

Feed Demand 

The total feed demand for the livestock herd is dependent on the weight of the livestock herd and per unit weight feed requirements.  The per unit feed requirements increase with GDP per capita as populations move from meat sources such as chickens to more feed intensive ones such as pork and especially beef.  But they also are reduced by change in the efficiency of converting feed to animal weight.

Some of the food requirements of livestock are met by grazing, thereby reducing the feed requirements.  The feed equivalent of grazing depends on the amount of grazing land, the productivity of that land (computed in the initial year and highly variable across countries), and grazing intensity (which increases with crop prices).

Finally, the feed demand can be modified directly by an exogenous demand parameter that modifies industrial crop demand. The feed demand for meat and fish are calculated using ratios of the food demand to feed demand which are calculated in the initial years of the model. In addition to industrial demand and feed demand, food manufacturing demand is also calculated in the model on the basis of the food demand for all three categories (meat, crops and fish)

Feed demand flowchart

Total Agricultural Demand

Total Agricultural demand is the sum of demand for crops to serve industrial, animal feed, food manufacturing and human food purposes. 

Total Agricultural Demand Flowchart

Financial Constraint on Food Demand

Total food demand in million metric tons consists of the sum of crop demand, meat demand and food demand and fish demand.  It can be, however, that the monetary value of those calculated demands is greater than the financial ability of households to pay for them.  When that is the case, the food ,meat and fish demand are proportionately reduced.

Visual representation of financial constraint on food demand

Agricultural Investment and Capital

The level of total desired agricultural investment are driven by the rate of past investment as a portion of GDP, changes in global crop demand as a portion of GDP, and global crop stocks relative to desired levels. We have experimented also with tying investment to profit rates in agriculture, thereby linking it also to prices relative to costs. The user can use a multiplier to increase or decrease the desired level of investment.  This desired amount of investment is passed to the economic model, where it must ‘compete’ with demands for investments in other sectors.  The economic model returns a final investment level for use in agriculture. 

Investment in agriculture has two possible targets. The first is capital stock. The second is land. The split between the two destinations is a function of the relative returns to cropland development and agricultural capital, the latter of which is determined by the increased yield that could be expected from an additional unit of agricultural capital.

Visual representation of agricultural investment and capital

Land Dynamics

In IFs, land use is divided into 5 categories: cropland, grazing land, forest land, "other" land, and urban or built-up land. Four key dynamics are involved in land use change. First, changes in urban land are driven by changes in average income and population, and draws from all other land types. Second, the investment in cropland development is the primary driver of changes in cropland, but this is also influenced by the cost of developing cropland, the depreciation rate, or maintenance cost, of cropland investment, and a user-controllable multiplier. The costs of developing cropland increase as the amount of cropland increases and, therefore, there is less other land available for conversion. Shifts in cropland are compensated by changes in forest and "other" land. Third, changes in grazing land are a function of average income, with shifts again being compensated by changes in forest and "other" land. Finally, conservation policies can influence the amount of forest land, with any necessary adjustments coming from crop and grazing land.

Visual representation of land dynamics

Agricultural Equations

Overview

Briefly, each year the agriculture model begins by estimating the production (pre- and post-production loss) of crops, meat, and fish. It then turns to the demand for these commodities. This begins with a computation of caloric demand from crops, meat, and fish, which is translated into demand for food going directly to consumers. Other demands for crops, meat, and fish are for feed, industrial uses (e.g. biofuels), and food manufacturing. Losses in the production, distribution and consumption of agricultural commodities are also accounted for. This is followed by computations for trade. The model then considers the balance between the demands and the available supply based on production, imports, and exports. Any excess supply increases stocks. In the case of excess demand, stocks are drawn down; this can result in shortages if there are not enough stocks, which leads to an inability to meet all of the demands. Levels of, and changes in, stocks influence prices for the coming year, as well as desired investment, which are passed to the economic model, which determines the actual amount of investment that will be available. With this knowledge, the model can then estimate values for changes in land development, agricultural capital, and livestock for the coming year.

Agricultural Supply

Crop, meat, and fish supply have very different bases and IFs determines them in separate procedures.

Crop Production

Crop production, pre-loss, (AGPppl_f=1) i is the product of total yield and land devoted to crops (LD_l=1).

$AGPppl_{r,f=1}=YL_{r}*LD_{r,l=1}$

We focus here on the determination of yield; the amount of land devoted to crops is addressed in the sections below.Yield functions are almost invariably some kind of saturating exponential that represents decreasing marginal returns on inputs such as fertilizer or farm machinery. Such functions have been used, for instance in World 3 , SARUM, the Bariloche Model , and AGRIMOD . IFs also uses a saturating exponential, but relies on a Cobb-Douglas form. The Cobb-Douglas function is used in part to maintain symmetry with the economic model but more fundamentally to introduce labor as a factor of production. Especially in less developed countries (LDCs) where a rural labor surplus exists, there is little question that labor, and especially labor efficiency improvement, can be an important production factor.

Pre-processor and first year

In the pre-processor, agricultural production is initialized using data from the FAO food balance sheets. For details of the series that are used in this initialization, refer Annex 1 of this document. In the first year of the model, total crop production is calculated by adjusting the initialized value of crop production for production losses, as the FAO data are for post-loss production. Yield (YL) is computed simply as the ratio of total crop production (AGPppl_f=1) to cropland (LD_l=1). It is bound, however, to be no greater than 100 tons per hectare in any country.

In addition to yield, a number of other values related to production are calculated in the first year of the model that are used in forecast years.

First, a scaling factor cD is calculated in the first year of the model. This is basically the constant in the Cobb-Douglas formulation for estimating yields. It is based upon the base year yield (YL), capital (KAG), and labor supply (LABS). The labor supply is adjusted using a Cobb-Douglass alpha exponent (CDALF) which is explained in detail below.  cD is similar to the shift factors elsewhere in the model, which are used to match predicted values in the base year to actual values.  It does not change over time. It is computed using the following equation,

$cD_{r}=YL_{r,t=1}/KAG_{r,t=1}^{CDALF_{r,s=1}}*LABS_{r,S=1,t=1}^{(1-CDALF_{r,s=1})}$

Second, a target growth rate in yield is computed (TgrYli) which is used in forecast years to restrict the growth rate of the yield. This target growth is a function of current crop demand (AGDEM), expected crop demand (Etdem), and a target growth rate in cropland.

$Tgryli_{r}=(Etdem/AGDEM_{r,s=1})-1-tgrld_{r}$

where,

tgrld is a country-specific parameter indicating target growth in crop land

Etdem is an initial year estimate of the sum of industrial, feed and food demand for crops in the following year

Forecast years

In forecast years, IFs computes yield in stages. The first provides a basic yield (byl) representing change in long-term factors such as capital, labor and technology. The second stage uses this basic yield as an input and modifies it based on prices, so as to represent changes in shorter-term factors (e.g. amounts of fertilizer used, even the percentage of land actually under cultivation). Finally, in a third stage, yields are adjusted in response to changing climate conditions.

First stage (Adjustment for long-term factors)

The basic yield (Byl) relates yield to agriculture capital (KAG), agricultural labor (LABS), technological advance (Agtec), a scaling parameter (cD), an exponent (CDALF), and a saturation coefficient (Satk).

$Byl_{r}=cD_{r}*(1+Agtec_{r})_{t-1}*KAG_{r}^{CDALF_{r,s=1}}*LABS_{r,s=1}^{(1-CDALF)_{r,s=1}}*Satk_{r}$

The equations for KAG and LABS are described elsewhere (see sections 3.9 and the economic model, respectively). 

• cD is the scaling factor calculated in the first year of the model. Its calculation is described in the section above

• CDALF is the standard Cobb-Douglas alpha reflecting the relative elasticities of yield to capital and labor.  It is computed each year in a function, rooted in data on factor shares from the Global Trade and Analysis Project, driven by GDP per capita at PPP.

Agtec is a factor-neutral technological progress coefficient similar to a multifactor productivity coefficient. It is initially set to 1 and changes each year based upon a technological growth rate (YlGroTech). Its computation is described below.

$Agtec_{r}=Agtec_{r,t-1}*(1+YlGroTech_{r})$

• The saturation coefficient Satk is a multiplier of the Cobb-Douglas function and of the technological change element. It is the ratio of the gap between a maximum possible yield (YLLim) and a moving average of yields to the gap between a maximum possible yield and the initial yield, raised to an exogenous yield exponent (ylexp). With positive parameters the form produces decreasing marginal returns.

$Satk_{r+1}=(YLLim_{r}-Syl_{r}/YLLim_{r}-YL_{r,t=1})^{ylexp}$

where

Syl_r is a moving average of byl, the historical component of which is weighted by 1 minus the user-controlled global parameter ylhw.

ylexpis a global parameter

The maximum possible yield (YLLim) is estimated for each country and can change over time.  It is calculated as the maximum of 1.5 times the initial yield (YL_r,t=1) and the multiple of an external user-controlled parameter (ylmax) and an adjustment factor (YLMaxM).

$YLLim_{r}=max(ylmax_{r}*YLMaxM_{r},1.5*YL_{r,t=1})$

where

ylmax is a country-specific parameter

The adjustment factor YLMaxM allows for some additional growth in the yields for poorer countries

$YLMaxM_{r}=1*((1-DevWeight_{r})+(YL_{r}/YlMaxFound)^{0.35*DevWeight_{r}})$

where

DevWeight_r is GDPPCP_r/30, with a maximum value of 1

YlMaxFound is the maximum value of YL found in the first year

Box1: Computation of technological growth rate for yield The algorithmic structure for computing the annual values of YlGroTech involves four elements:  The difference between a targeted yield growth calculated the first year and the portion of that growth not initially related to growth of capital and labor (hence the underlying initial technology element of agricultural production growth); call it AgTechInit. The gap between desired global crop stock levels and actual stocks (hence the global pressure for technological advance in agriculture); call it AgTechPress. This contribution is introduced by way of the ADJUSTR function of IFs. The difference between the productivity of the agricultural sector calculated in the economic model and the initial year's value of that (hence reflecting changes in the contributions of human, social, physical, and knowledge capital to technological advance of the society generally); call if AgMfpLt. The degree to which crop production is approaching upper limits of potential; this again involves the saturation coefficient (Satk). The algorithmic structure this is: $YlgroTech_{r}=F(AgTechInit_{r},AgTechPress_{r},AgMfpLt_{r},Satk_{r})$

 

Second stage of yield calculation (short term factors)

Before moving to the next stage, a check is made to see if the growth in byl is within reason.  Specifically, Byl is not allowed to exceed the moving average of Byl (Syl) times a given growth rate (YlGrbound).  This bound is the maximum of a user-controlled global parameter - ylmaxgr and an initial country specific target growth rate (Tgryli_r).

At this point, the basic yield (byl) is further adjusted by a number of factors.  The first of these is a simple country-specific user-controlled multiplier – ylm. This can be used to represent the effects of any number of exogenous factors, such as political/social management (e.g., collectivization of agriculture).

$YL_{r}=YL_{r}*ylm$

The basic yield represents the long-term tendency in yield but agricultural production levels are quite responsive to short-term factors such as fertilizer use levels and intensity of cultivation. Those short-term factors under farmer control (therefore excluding weather) depend in turn on prices, or more specifically on the profit (FPROFITR) that the farmer expects. Because of computational sequence, we use domestic food stocks as a proxy for profit level. Note that this adjustment is distinct from the adjustment above where global stocks affect the technological growth rate.

The stock adjustment factor uses the ADJSTR function to calculate an adjustment factor related to the current stocks, the recent change in stocks, and a desired stock level.  The desired stock level is given as a fraction (Agdstl) of the sum of crop demand (AGDEM_f=1) and crop production (AGP_f=1). Agdstl is set to be 1.5 times dstl, which is a global parameter that can be adjusted by the user.

The focus in IFs on yield response to prices differs somewhat from the normal use of price elasticities of supply. For reference, Rosegrant, Agcaoili-Sombila, and Perez (1995: 5) report that price elasticities for crops are quite small, in the range of .05 to .4.

Third stage of yield calculation (Adjustment for a changing climate)

In the third stage, IFs considers the potential effects of a changing climate on crop yields. This is introduced through the variable ENVYLCHG[4] which is calculated in the environmental model. This variable consists of two parts: the direct effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and the effects of changes in temperature and precipitation.

$ENVYLCHG_{r,f}=(((CO2Fert_{t}/100)+1)*((DeltaYClimate_{R,t}/100)+1)-1)*100$

The direct effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide assumes a linear relationship between changes in the atmospheric concentration from a base year of 1990 and the percentage change in crop yields.

$CO2Fert_{t+1}=envco2fert*((CO2PPM-CO2PPM_{t=1990})/CO2PPM_{t=1990})$

where

envco2fert is a global, user-controllable parameter

CO2PPM_t=1990 is hard coded as 354.19 parts per million

The effect of changes in annual average temperature and precipitation are based upon two assumptions: 1) there is an optimal temperature (Topt) for crop growth, with yields falling both below and above this temperature and 2) there is a logarithmic relationship between precipitation and crop yields.  The choice of this functional form was informed by work reviewed in Cline (2007).  Together, these result in the following equation:

$ClimateEffect_{t+1}=100*{({e^{(-0.5*(T0_{r}+DeltaT{r}-Topt)^{2})/SigmaTsqd}*ln(P0_{r}*(DeltaP_{r}/100+1))/e^{(-0.5*(T0_{r}-Topt)^{2}/SigmaTsqd}*ln(P0_{r}))-1}}$

where

T0 and P0 are country-specific annual average temperature (degrees C) and precipitation (mm/year) for the period 1980-99.

DeltaT and DeltaP are country specific changes in annual average temperature (degrees C) and precipitation (percent) compared to the period 1980-99.  These are tied to global average temperature changes and described in the documentation of the IFs environment model.

Topt is the average annual temperature at which yield is maximized.  It is hard coded with a value of 0.602 degrees C.

SigmaTsqd is a shape parameter determining how quickly yields decline when the temperature moves away from the optimum. It is hard coded with a value of 309.809.

CO2Fert and ClimateEffect are multiplied by each other to determine the effect on crop yields.

There are two final checks on crop yields.  They are not allowed to be less than one-fifth of the estimate of basic yield (Byl) and they cannot exceed the country-specific maximum (ylmax) or 100 tons per hectare. Finally crop production is adjusted for production losses to arrive at post loss production (AGP). Losses are discussed in detail in section 3.1.4 below

Meat Production

Meat production in IFs is the sum of animal meat production and non-meat animal products (AGPMILKEGGS). Animal meat production in a particular country is a function of the herd size and the slaughter rate and non-animal meat products are calculated by applying a ratio MilkEggstoMeatI which is calculated in the first year of the model as the ratio of non-meat animal production to the meat production. Meat production is then adjusted for production losses which are described in detail in the sections below.

$AGP_{r,f=2}=((LVHERD_{r}*slr)+AGPMILKEGGS_{r})-AGLOSSPROD_{r,f=2}$

Where,

LVHERD is the size of livestock in a particular country in a particular year

slris the slaughter rate which is a global parameter

AGLOSSPROD is the meat production loss.

Pre-processor and first year

In the pre-processor, meat production is initialized in the model using data from the FAO food balance sheets. Total meat production and animal meat production (which is the sum of bovine meat production, mutton and goat meat production, pig meat production, poultry meat prod, and other meat production) are initialized separately. If data on all of the animal meat sub-categories is unavailable, then Animal meat production is calculated as 30 percent of total meat production. Animal production is also not allowed to exceed 99% of the value of total meat production.

 

AGPMILKEGGS, which is the non-meat animal production is then calculated as total meat production minus total animal meat production. The non-meat production ratio MilkEggstoMeatI is calculated as the ratio of the initialized value of AGPMILKANDEGGS and meat production in the first year. This is used in forecast years to calculate the value of non-meat animal production, and is held constant over time.

$MilkEggstoMeatI_{r}=AGPMILKEGGS_{r}/(AGP_{r,f=2}-AGPMILKEGGS_{r})$

The size of the livestock (LVHERD) is also computed in the first year using the initialized value of pre-loss meat production. This value of LVHERD is used in forecast years to compute meat production.

$LVHERD_{r}=(AGPppl_{r,f=2}-AGPMILKEGGS_{r})/slr$

For a detailed discussion on the dynamics of livestock herd, refer to section 3.11 of this document.

Forecast years

Pre-production loss values for meat production are calculated in IFs as meat production (AGPppl) and production of non-meat animal products (AGPMILKANDEGGS). Meat production, in metric tons, is given as the multiple of the herd size (LVHERD) and the slaughter rate (slr). The latter is a global parameter. These values are then adjusted for production losses for meat (AGPRODLOSS) to arrive at post production loss values (AGP). The same meat production loss percentage is also applied to the non-meat production to arrive at post loss production values for the variable. The dynamics of production losses are discussed here.

$AGP_{r,f=2}=AGPppl_{r,f=2}-AGLOSSPROD_{r,f=2}$

Where,

$AGPppl_{r,f=2}=(AGPMILKANDEGGSppl_{r}+(LVHERD_{r}*slr))$

Production of non-animal meat products is computed using the non-meat production ratio which is applied to the animal meat production.

$AGPMILKANDEGGSppl_{r}=MilkEggstoMeatI_{r}*(LVHERD_{r}*slr)$

The dynamics of the livestock herd are described in section 3.11.

Fish Production

The production of fish has two components, wild catch and aquaculture. Fish caught through aquaculture is treated as a stock in the model and is a function of a growth component.  Wild catch on the other hand is treated as a flow in the model.

Pre-processor and first year

Data for fish catch and aquaculture is derived through two main sources, namely the FAO food balance sheets and the FAO Fishstatj software. Data for fish production, imports and exports is initially extracted from the FAO Food Balance Sheets. However, no breakout is available for fish caught as wild catch and fish caught through aquaculture. This bifurcation is available in the dataset from the FAO Fishstatj database. The data from the FAO food balance sheets is broken down into fish catch (AGFISHCATCH) and aquaculture (AQUACUL) using data from the FAO fishstatj dataset.

In the first year, the values for pre-loss production of wild fish, AGFISHCATCHppl and aquaculture, AQUACULppl, are calculated by adding in a level of catch loss, which is not reflected in the FAO and Fishstatj data. Separate parameters, aglossprodperc_f=3 and aglossprodperc_f=4, are used for wild catch and aquaculture.

Forecast years

The amount of aquaculture (AQUACUL) in forecast years can be modified by the user. Production is assumed to grow over time. The default growth rate in the first year for all countries is 3.5 percent, but this value can be modified by the user, by country, with the parameter aquaculgr. This growth rate declines to 0 over a number of years given by the global parameter aquaculconv. Users can change the amount of aquaculture production, by country, with the multiplier aquaculm. Finally, this is adjusted for production losses from aquaculture with Aquaculloss

$AQUACUL_{r}=(AQUACULppl_{r,t-1}*(1+aquaculgr_{r,t})*aquaculm_{r})-Aquaculloss_{r}$

where

aquaculgr_r,t declines from aquaculgr_r,t=1 to 0 over aquaculconv years

Wild catch is initialized in the pre-processor as the variable AGFISHCATCH. The pre- production loss of wild catch is computed after applying a multiplier fishcatchm and this is adjusted for losses (Catchloss) to arrive at post production loss wild fish catch.

$AGFISHCATCH_{r}=(AGFISHCATCHppl_{r,t-1}*fishcatchm_{r})-Catchloss_{r}$

Total, post-production loss fish production (AGP) is then given as:

$AGP_{r,t=3}=AQUACUL_{r}+AGFISHCATCH_{r}$

Losses and waste

Losses can occur at several places along the chain from production. In earlier sections, we mentioned losses at the production stage. Losses can also occur in the process of transmission and distribution from the producer to the final consumer and at the consumer stage. The latter is sometimes referred to as food waste, but for our purposes, we will use the term loss for all three stages: production, transmission and distribution, and consumption.

The FAO Food Balance Sheets provide data on losses during transmission and distribution, but not at the production or consumption stages. Until we are able to find data showing a clear relationship between these losses and GDP per capita, or some other explanatory factor, we make an assumption of production losses and consumption losses of 10% for all countries. The user can make changes in these values with the parameters aglossprodpercandaglossconspercrespectively. The former can be set for crops, meat, wild catch, and aquaculture separately. The latter combines wild catch and aquaculture as fish, as we do not have separate data on the consumption of wild caught versus farmed fish. More details on the use of these parameters and the actual calculation of production and consumption losses are provided in sections 3.1.1-3.1.3 and 3.2.1, respectively.

Turning to transmission and distribution losses, some agricultural commodities will never make it from the producer to the final consumer because of pests, spoilage, etc.  The FAO food balance sheets provide data on food lost to waste for crops and meat , but not for fish. Thus, for now we assume that there are no losses in this stage for fish. For crops and meat, though we were able to establish relationships between transmission and distribution losses and GDP per capita. These are shown in the figures below:

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Pre-processor and first year

The initial values for transmission and distribution losses are taken directly from the FAO Food balance sheets. For those countries without data, an assumed loss of 1 ton (0.000001 MMT) is used. These are given by the variable AGLOSSTRANS[[|_{r, f=1-3}]]. As with consumption, wild catch and aquaculture are combined into a single category, fish, as we do not have separate data; also, for the moment the value of AGLOSSTRANS_{r, f=3} is set to 0 for all countries.

In the first year, a ratio of transmission/distribution loss to food demand, FDEM,  is computed as:

$AgLossTransToFoodRatI_{r,f=1to3}=AGLOSSTRANS_{r,f=1to3}/FDEM_{r,f=1to3}$

Forecast years

In future years, for crops and meat, the initial estimate for transmission and distribution losses are calculated as follows:

·         Predictions are made for the ratio of transmission/distribution loss to food demand as a function of GDP per capita (predaglosstrans) for the first year and the current year.

·         The ratio of the predicted values for the current year to the predicted value for the first year is multiplied by AgLossTransToFoodRatI.

·         That result is multiplied by FDEM for the current year to get losses in MMT.

·         That result is multipled by the parameter aglosstransm, to get a final value.

 

This can be expressed as:

$AGLOSSTRANS_{r,f=1,2,3}=FDEM_{r,f=1,2,3,t=1}*predaglosstrans_{r,f=1,2,3,t}/predaglosstrans_{r,f=1,2,3,t=1}*AgLossTransToFoodRatioI_{r,f=1,2,3}*aglosstransm_{r,f=1,2,3}$

Some further adjustments may be made to AGLOSSTRANS in the process of balancing global trade and balancing domestic supply and demand. These are discussed later in this documentation.

Agricultural Demand

IFs computes demand, or uses, for three agricultural categories—crops, meat, and fish.  These commodities are used for direct human consumption (FDEM), animal feed (FEDEM), industrial uses, e.g. biofuels (INDEM), and food processing and manufacturing (FMDEM). IFs also tracks the losses in transmission and distribution (AGLOSSTRANS). Total demand (AGDEM) is the sum of these five use categories and is given in MMT per year.

The sections above describe the calculation of AGLOSSTRANS, so that is not repeated here. The calculation of the demand for direct human consumption, FDEM begins with estimates of daily per capita calorie demand for crops, meat, and fish. Briefly, IFs first estimates total per capita calorie demand, which responds to GDP per capita (as a proxy for income).  The division of total demand between demand for calories from crops and from meat and fish also changes in response to GDP per capita (more meat and fish demand with increasing income).  Finally, the division of calories from meat and fish is calculated based on historic patterns. Using country and commodity specific factors, the daily per capita calorie demands are converted to grams per capita per day and protein per capita per day. The grams per capita per day are then multiplied by the size of the population, POP, and the number of days in a year, 365, to arrive at FDEM.

The other demands, FEDEM, INDEM, and FMDEM are driven by factors such as the size of the livestock herd, LVHERD, and the use of crops for fuel production. In cases where information is lacking, these demands are determined in relation to FDEM. Finally, there may be some modifications to all of the demand categories due to shortages or other factors, as described in the rest of this section.

Daily per capita demands – calories, grams, and protein

IFs tracks one set of variables for agricultural demands, or uses, on a daily per capita basis. These are. specifically, calories (CLPC), protein (PROTEINPC), and grams (GRAMSPC), for each category – crops, meat, and fish.

Pre-processor and first year

Daily calories per capita (CLPC), by category, are initialized in the IFs pre-processor using data from the FAO food balance sheets. Data on daily protein per capita and grams per capita are also read into the pre-processor. If data are available for crops, meat, and fish, total values for calories, protein, and grams are calculated as sums of the three categories. For countries where no data are available for one or more of the categories, the model follows a set of procedures to fill in the missing data. These procedures uses, among other things, 1) equations that relate total calories per capita per day and the share of these calories from crops versus meat and fish to GDP per capita and 2) other ratios derived from global averages of those countries with data. Later in the pre-processor, CLAVAL, which represent the total calories (across all categories) per day for the population as a whole is also calculated.

The equation for total calories as a function of GDP per capita is stored as "GDP/Capita (PPP 2011) Versus Calorie Demand (fixed-effect)" and is illustrated below.

Calorie demand vs GDP per capita at PPP (fixed effect)

The equation for the share of calories from meat and fish as a function of GDP per capita is stored as " GDP/Capita (PPP 2011) Versus CLPC from MeatandFish (2010) Log"

Both of these are in a logarithmic form, indicating that both total calories and the share of calories from meat and fish increase with GDP per capita, but at a decreasing rate. As the data do not show a clear pattern for the breakdown between meat and fish, which is largely due to cultural patterns and geography, the model uses historical values rather than an estimated equation, as discussed below. In the pre-processor, an average global value is used for countries without data.

In the first year of the model, one of the first things that occurs is a recalculation of GRAMSPC as GRAMSPC = FDEM/(POP * 365) * 100000. This is to ensure the consistency between the daily per capita variable, GRAMSPC, and the annual national value, FDEM. This is necessary because FDEM may have been modified in the pre-processor as part of ensuring a balance between the initial year supply of agricultural produces and their use. This is described in more detail in Box 1.

In addition, a number of additional values related to calories to be used in the forecast period are calculated.

1. CalActPredRat: the ratio between actual calories available and the predicted value. It is used as a multiplicative shift factor. The predicted level of is estimated using the equation for total calories per capita as a function of GDP per capita described above. This is bound from above by an assumed maximum value, given by the global parameter calmax. The value of calactpredrat gradually converges to 1 over a period given by the global parameter agconvand appears in future equations with the name AdjustForInitialDevc.
2. MeatAndFishActPredRat: the ratio between actual share of calories from meat and fish to the predicted value. It is used as a multiplicative shift factor. The predicted level of is estimated using the equation for share of calories from meat and fish per capita as a function of GDP per capita described above.
3. MeatToMeatFishRatI: the ratio between calories from meat and calories from meat and fish. It is used to separate the future estimates of calories from meat and fish into separate values for meat and fish.
4. ProtToCalRatI: the ratio of daily per capita protein to daily per capita calories, by category. It is used to convert future estimates of calorie availability to protein availability. If for some reason the initial estimate of ProtToCalRatI is 0 for any category, the median value for that category based on 2010 is used.
5. GramsToCalRatI: the ratio of daily per capita grams to daily per capita calories, by category. It is used to convert future estimates of calorie availability to a value in grams, which is then used to estimate aggregate demand for food for direct human consumption. If for some reason the initial estimate of GramsToCalRatI is 0 for any category, the median value for that category based on 2010 is used.

Forecast years

In the forecast years, daily per capita calorie demand begins with a prediction of a total demand, CalPerCap, as a function of average income using the equation above, with a maximum value given by calmax. Two other values are also calculated at this point. First, a base level of calories per capita, CalBase, is also calculated, which is given as the minimum of 3000 or calmaxminus 300. Second, because comparative cross sections show a growth of around 7.6 calories per capita per year independent of average income, a factor representing this increase (CaldGr) is calculated as:

$CaldGr_{r,t}=CaldGr_{r,t-1}+7.638*((calmax-MAX(CalBase,MIN(calmax,CalPerCap_{r})))/(calmax-CalBase)$

Thus, depending on the exact values of calmax, CalBase, and CalPerCap, CaldGr grows each year by a value that centers around 7.6 calories. This value is then added to the predicted value in calculating the total demand for calories.

The equation also takes into account calmaxand the multiplicative shift factor on calories per capita calculated in the first year of the model. The latter is named AdjustForinitialDevc, which, as noted previously, is calculate as the value of calactpredrat gradually converging to 1 over a period given by the global parameter agconv

$TotalCalPerCap_{r}=MIN('''''calmax''''',(CalPerCap_{r}+CaldGr_{r})*AdjustForInitialdevc_{r})*POP_{r}$

Finally, a value for the total calories per day, CalDem, is calculated by multiplying TotalCalPerCap times POP.

The next step is to divide the total calories between crops and meat plus fish. First, a predicted value of the share of total calories going to meat and fish, MeatAndFishPctPred, is calculated as a function of GDP per capita, using the equation described earlier. Second, the ratio of between actual share of calories from meat and fish to the predicted value, MeatAndFishActPredRat, calculated in the first year is potentially modified. Specifically, a new variable, AdjustForInitialDevm, is assigned either the intial value of MeatAndFishActPredRat, or a value that reflects convergence of MeatAndFishActPredRat to a value of 1 over a period given by the global parameter agconv. The countries for which convergence does not occur are the South Asian countries – India, Nepal and Mauritius –  which are traditionally low meat consuming countries. The actual share of calories from meat and fish is then calculated as:

$MeatAndFishPctAct_{r}=MeatAndFishPctPred_{r}*AdjustForInitialDevm_{r}$

A minimum value of 3.5 percent is also imposed.

With this value for MeatAndFishPctAct, the model can divide the total calories between crops and the combination of meat and fish. Using the value for MeatToMeatFishRatioI, calculated in the first year, the model can then estimate the calories from meat and fish separately. The values are stored in the variable CLPC(_r,f)

At this point, these values are adjusted for changes in world food prices and elasticities to demand for these prices.

$CLPC_{r,f=1-3}=CLPC_{r,f=1-3}*(WAP_{f=1-3}/WAP_{f=1-3,t=1})^{X}$

'where'

WAP_f=1-3 are the global food prices for crops, meat, and fish

X is the price elasticity of demand and takes on the value of elascd, elasm, and elasfdfor crops, meat, and fish, respectively

Given these adjustments, TotalCalPerCap is recalculated as the sum of CLPC for crops, meat, and fish.

Finally, a parameter clpcmis applied to the final value of calories per capita that allows the user to manipulate demand for calories in addition to two parameters (that allow the user to eliminate hunger in a particular country over time) which are described below.

 The parameters malnelimstartyrand malnelimtargetyrallow the user to reduce hunger in any country over a specific period of time. The activation of these parameters by the user, calculates the required cumulative growth rate in calories to eliminate hunger (reduce the undernourished population to 5 percent of the total population) ClPCcum. This cumulative growth rate is calculated using a logarithmic function that computes the growth rate relative to the household income and unskilled labor in a country.  Also, the user can activate a switch malelimprecisesw, which calculates the specific number of calories required to eliminate hunger for the most undernourished part of the population. An individual who consumes less than 1000 calories per day but is still alive is assumed to be the most undernourished person in the population.

Therefore the final equation is as follows,

$CLPC_{r,f}=(CLPC_{r,f}*'''''clpcm'''''_{r,f}*ClPCcum_{r})+Caldef_{r,f}$

Where,

clpcmis a multiplier that can be used to affect the demand for calories

ClPCcum is the cumulative growth rate required in calories per capita to eliminate hunger over a specific time period determined by malnelimstartyr and malnelimtargetyr

Caldef is the cumulative number of calories required to eliminate hunger for the most undernourished part of the population. This is calculated through the activation of malelimprecisesw.

At this point, i.e., after dealing with the hunger targets, the values for daily grams per capita (GRAMSPC) and daily protein per capita (PROTEINPC) are calculated by multiplying the values for CLPC by GramsToCalRatI and ProtToCalRatI, respectively. Recall that these values were computed in the first year.

A final adjustment to CLPC, PROTEINPC, and GRAMSPC can occur as a result of shortages. This begins with a reduction in FDEM, as described in Section 3.4: Stocks, which is then translated into new values for GRAMSPC, which are then used to recalculate CLPC and PROTEINPC.

One final variable, CLAVAL, which represent the total calories (across all categories) per day for the population as a whole is then calculated as total calories per capita times the population.

Agricultural demand for direct human consumption (FDEM)

FDEM represents the amount of agricultural commodities going directly to consumers, presumably for consumption.

Pre-processor and first year

The pre-processor reads in data from the FAO Food Balance Sheets and initializes values for the amount of agricultural commodities used for direct human consumption, FDEM. If these data are missing for any commodity, a value is calculated by multiplying the daily grams per capita by the size of the population (POP) and the numbers of days in a year (365), and then divided by 100000 to get the units correct. As noted in Box 1, certain adjustments may be made to ensure consistencies between supply and demand in individual countries, as well as between imports and exports across countries.

No adjustments are made to FDEM in the first year.

Forecast years

In the forecast years, FDEM is initially calculated based upon the calculation of daily grams per capita described in this section below:

$FDEM_{r,f=1-3}=GRAMSPC_{r,f=1-3}*POP_{r}*365/100000$

There are two situations where the value of FDEM might be adjusted. The first case is where more than 85 percent of consumers’ expenditures are on food stuffs. If this is the case, the values of FDEM for crops and meat and fish are reduced proportionately, as described in this section below.

The second case is when a country faces absolute shortages, i.e., the total domestic supply, AGDEM, is not adequate to meet all of the demands, FDEM + FEDEM + INDEM + AGLOSSTRANS even after drawing down stocks to 0. Here, each of these demands/uses are reduced proportionately to restore the balance as described in Section 3.4: Stocks. In both cases, the decreases in FDEM are fed forward to reduce the actual calories available, as described here.

Feed demand for crops, meat and fish

Feed demand, FEDDEM, represents: 1) the amount of crops that are used to complement what livestock receive from grazing, and 2) an unspecified use of meat and fish, which appears in the FAO Food Balance Sheets.

Pre-processor and first year

The pre-processor reads in data from the FAO Food Balance Sheets and initializes values for the amount of agricultural commodities used as feed for other agricultural production, usually meat. If data are missing, a minimum value of 1 ton, or .000001 MMT is used.

An initial adjustment to feed demand for crops can occur in the pre-processor. This occurs when the production from grazing land is not being fully utilized. Specifically, this is when the amount of equivalent feed from grazing land, i.e. grazing land productivity, here named GLandCAP, implies a lower than assumed minimum value of 0.01 tons of crop equivalents per hectare, here named MinLDProd. The implied value of GLandCap is calculated as the difference between the total feed requirement for the number of livestock minus the feed demand divided by the amount of grazing land.

$GLandCAP_{r}=LiveHerd_{r}*fedreq_{r}-FEDDEM_{r,f=1}/LDGraz_{r}$

where,

LiveHerd is the size of the livestock herd (discussed in this section )

LDGraz is the amount of grazing land (discussed in this section under Land Dynamics)

FEDDEM_r,f=1 is the value for demand for crops for feed

Fedreq is an estimate of the per animal feed requirements, which is a function of GDP per capita. The function is depicted in the figure below:

Feed demand as a function of GDP per capita at PPP

If the value of GLandCAP is less than the minimum, MinLDProd—currently hard coded as 0.01 tons of crop equivalents per hectare, based on values for the Saudi desert), then CFEDDEM_r,f=1 is recalculated as the difference between the total feed requirement for the number of livestock minus the amount of feed equivalent produced by grazing using the minimum productivity.

$CFEDDEM_{r,f=1}=LiveHerd_{r}*fedreq_{r}-MinLDProd*LDGraz_{r}$

Note that this occurs when the feed from crops meets most, if not all, of the total feed requirements, implying little or no need for feed equivalents from grazing land. Also a minimum value of 0.01 MMT is set for CFEDDEM.

Finally, as noted in Box 1, certain adjustments may be made in the pre-processor to ensure consistencies between supply and demand in individual countries, as well as between imports and exports across countries.

In the first year, the model once again checks to make sure that the grazing land productivity exceeds a minimum value and this time stores this value for future use. A parallel equation to that in the pre-processor is used to get an initial estimate for grazing land productivity, now named GldCap:

$GLdCAP_{r}=(LVHERD_{r,t=1}*Fedreq_{r,t=1}-FEDDEM_{r,t=1})/LD_{r,l=2,t=1}$

'where'

LVHERD_r,t=1 replaces LiveHerd from the equation in the pre-processor

LD_r,l=2,t=1 replaces LDGraz from the equation in the pre-processor

FEDDEM_r,f=1 replaces CFEDDEM_r,f=1 from the equation in the pre-processor

Fedreq_r is the same as in the equation in the pre-processor

Now, if the model estimates that GldCAP is below the minimum level, still called MinLDProd and hard coded to a value of 0.01, a new value of GldCAP  calculated:

$GLdCAP_{r}=LVHERD_{r,t=1}*Fedreq_{r,t=1}-FEDDEM_{r,t=1}/LD_{r,l=2,t=1}$

'where'

LVHERD_r,t=1, LD_r,l=2,t=1, FEDDEM_r,f=1, and fedreq_r are defined as above

fedreqm_r is a multiplier required to ensure that the grazing land productivity meets the difference between the total feed requirement and that provided by crops in the initial year. It is calculated as:

$fedreqm_{r}=LD_{r,l=2,t=1}*MinLDProd+FEDDEM_{r,t=1}/(LVHERD_{r,t=1}*fedreq_{r,t=1})$

Note that this value is always greater than or equal to 1 given the condition for making the adjustment. When no adjustment is made, fedreqm is set to 1. These values of GldCAP and fedreqm, calculated in the first year, are held constant for all forecast years

Finally, one other value is calculated in the first year – FeedToFoodRatI, which is the ratio between FEDDEM and FDEM. This is calculated for crops, meat, and fish, but is only used for the latter two categories in the forecast years, as described below.

Forecast years

In the forecast years, FEDDEM is calculated as a function of the size of the livestock herd (LVHERD), the feed requirements per unit livestock (fedreq), the amount of grazing land (LD_l=2), and the productivity of grazing land (GldCAP), but adjustments are also made reflecting the effect of global crop prices on grazing intensity (WAP_f=1), changes in the efficiency with which feed is converted into. meat, and the adjustment factor fedreqm calculated in the first year. There is also a parameter with which the user can cause a brute force increase or decrease in FEDDEM (feddemm)

The model first calculates the amount of crop equivalent produced from grazing land using the following equation:

$GLFeedEq_{r}=(LD_{r,l=2}*GLdCAP_{r})*(WAP_{f=1}/WAP_{f=1,t-1})^{elglinpr}$

where,

LD_r,l=2 is the amount of grazing land; the dynamics of this variable is discussed in section 3.10: Land Dynamics

GldCAP_r is the country value for grazing land capacity initialized in the first year

WAP_t,f=1 is global price for crops; and

elglinpr is a global parameter for the elasticity of livestock grazing intensity to annual changes in world crop prices; the basic assumption is that increasing prices should lead to increased grazing intensity and therefore greater productivity of grazing land

This production of crop equivalents from grazing land is then subtracted from total feed requirement in the following equation:

$FEDDEM_{r,f=1}=(LVHERD_{r}*Fedreq_{r}*fedreqm_{r}*max{0.5,(1-livhdpro/100)^{(}t-1)}-[GLFeedEq]_{r})*feddemm$

Where,

LVHERD, fedreq, and fedreqm are as previously described. LVHERD and fedreq are updated each year as described in section 3.11: Livestock Dynamics and as a function of GDP per capita, respectively. fedreqm, determined in the first year, does not change over time.

livhdpro is a global parameter related to the rate at which the productivity of crops in producing meat improves over time. This part of the equation implies that the amount of feed needed to produce a unit of meat declines over time to a minimum of half the original amount required

feddemm is a country-specific multiplier that can be used to increase or decrease crop demand for feed purposes

For meat and fish, a simpler process is used. The feed to food ratio, FeedToFoodRatI, calculated in the initial years of the model is used to calculate the share of feed demand for meat and fish respectively.

$FEDDEM_{r,f}=FeedToFoodRatI_{r,f}*FDEM_{r,f}$

Note that there is no multiplier equivalent to feddemmfor meat and fish.

Finally, as with FDEM, FEDDEM may be adjusted to account for excessive consumer spending on food, as described in Box 2 or due to shortages in crops, meat, or fish as described in Section 3.4: Stocks.

Industrial demand for crops, meat and fish

Industrial demand, INDEM, represents the amount of crops, meat, and fish that are used in industrial processes.

Pre-processor and first year

The pre-processor reads in data from the FAO Food Balance Sheets and initializes values for the amount of agricultural commodities used in industrial processes. If data are missing, a minimum value of 1 ton, or .000001 MMT is used.

Finally, as noted in Box 1, certain adjustments may be made in the pre-processor to ensure consistencies between supply and demand in individual countries, as well as between imports and exports across countries.

Industrial demand for crops

In the first year, two values related to industrial demand for crops are calculated. The first of these is a multiplicative shift factor (INDEMK), which is calculated as the ratio of actual to predicted industrial demand for crops.  The predicted value is given by a function that relates per capita industrial demand to GDP per capita, which is shown above. This multiplicative shift factor remains constant over time. As with FEDDEM, one other value is calculated in the first year – IndToFoodRatI, which is the ratio between INDEM and FDEM. This is calculated for crops, meat, and fish, but is only used for the latter two categories in the forecast years, as described below.

Forecast years

In the forecast years, for crops, the initial value of industrial demand is updated using the table function above to get a predicted value for industrial demand per capita, which is then multiplied by population (POP) and the multiplicative shift factor (IndemK). At this point, a region-specific multiplier (indemm) can either increase or decrease the initial estimate of INDEM.

A first adjustment to INDEM is related to the world energy price (WEP) and reflects the use of crops for fuel production. Specifically, as the world energy price increases relative to the price in the first year, the industrial demand for crops increases.

$INDEM_{r}=INDEM_{r}*(1+WEP_{t}/WEP_{t=1})*FoodforFuel)$

Where

WEP is world energy price

FoodforFuel is the elasticity of industrial use of crops to world energy prices. It starts at a value given by the global parameter elagind, and declines to a value of 0 over 50 years.

The second adjustment relates to the world crop price (WAP_f=1); as this increases relative to the price in the first year, industrial demand for crops declines.

$INDEM_{r}=INDEM_{r}*(WAP_{f=1,t}/WAP_{f=1,t=1})^{elascd}$

'Where'

WAP is world crop price

elascd is a global parameter specifying the elasticity of crop demand to global food prices

A third adjustment is based on an assumed cap on per capita industrial demand for crops (IndemCapperPop—hard coded as 2. Specifically, INDEM is not allowed to exceed IndemCapperPop * POP.

For meat and fish, industrial demand is initially calculated by applying the Industrial demand to food ratio, IndToFoodRatI (calculated in the initial year of the model) to the value of food demand.

$INDEM_{r,f}=IndToFoodRatI_{r}*FDEM_{r,f}$

Note that there is no multiplier equivalent to indemmfor meat and fish.

Finally, as with FDEM and FEDDEM, INDEM may be adjusted to account for excessive consumer spending on food, as described in section 3.2.5 or due to shortages in crops, meat, or fish as described in this Section below.

Food manufacturing demand

The final demand category, FMDEM, relates to the use of crops, meat, and fish in food manufacturing and processing.

Pre-processor and first year

The pre-processor reads in data from the FAO Food Balance Sheets and initializes values for the amount of agricultural commodities used in food manufacturing and processing. Note that If data are missing, a minimum value of 1 ton, or .000001 MMT is used.

As noted in Box 1, certain adjustments may be made in the pre-processor to ensure consistencies between supply and demand in individual countries, as well as between imports and exports across countries.

Paralleling the case for INDEM, FEDDEM, and AGLOSSTRANS, one other value is calculated in the first year –FManToFoodRatI, which is the ratio between INDEM and FDEM. This is calculated for crops, meat, and fish, and used for all three in the forecast years, as described below.

$FMDEM_{r,f}=FManToFoodRatI_{r,f}*FDEM_{r,f}$

Forecast years

In the forecast years, for all three categories, demand is calculated using the Food manufacturing to food demand ratio, FManToFoodRatI, calculated in the first year of the model and the value of food demand.

$FMDEM_{r,f}=FManToFoodRatI_{r,f}*FDEM_{r,f}$

As with FDEM, INDEM, and FEDDEM, FMDEM may be adjusted to account for any shortages in crops, meat, or fish as described in Section 3.4: Stocks. It is not currently affected by excessive consumer spending on food, as described in Box 2

Total agricultural demand and final adjustment to demand

Pre-processor and first year

AGDEM, which represents the sum of all uses. It is initialized in the first year of the model to ensure the balance with production, imports, and exports:

$AGDEM_{r,f=1-3,t=1}=AGP_{r,f=1-3,t=1}+AGM_{r,f=1-3,t=1}-AGX_{r,f=1-3,t=1}$

Forecast years

In the forecast years, AGDEM, is recalculated as the sum of the final values of feed, industry, and food demand and transmission losses:

$AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}=FEDDEM_{r,f=1-3}+INDEM_{r,f=1-3}+FDEM_{r,f=1-3}+FMDEM_{r,f=1-3}+AGLOSSTRANS_{r,f=1-3}$

Note that this occurs after any adjustments to the demand values as a result of excessive consumer spending on food, (described below), but before adjustments as a result of shortages, describe in Section 3.4: Stocks. Thus, it can be the case that the final value of AGDEM may exceed the sum of the individual demand values.

Final agricultural demand adjustment based on levels of consumer spending

One final adjustment is made to the agricultural demand variables in the forecast years.

If the preliminary estimate of total food demand in monetary terms (csprelim), is too large of a share of consumption, i.e., if

$CsPrelim_{r}=CSF_{r}*(FDEM_{r}*WAP_{f=1,t=1}+FDEM_{r,f=2}*WAP_{f=2,t=1}+FDEM_{r,f=3}*WAP_{f=3,t=1})>0.85*C_{r,t=1}$

Where,

CSF is the ratio of consumer spending in the agricultural sector in the first year (CS_r,s=1,t=1) to DemVal_r, a weighted sum of demands for agricultural products for food in the first year;

$DemVal_{r}=FDEM_{r,t-1}*WAP_{f=1,t-1}+FDEM_{r,f=2,t-1}*WAP_{f=2,t-1}+FDEM_{r,f=3,t-1}*WAP_{f=3,t-1}$

C is total household consumption in the first year

When this is the case, a series of steps are taken to bring these values back in line.

1. The necessary reduction (NecReduc_r), which is in monetary terms, is calculated as CsPrelim_r – 0.85*C_r
2. A reduction factor (ReducFact) for meat and fish, assuming cuts would disproportionately be there,  is calculated as,

$ReducFact_{(}r,)=(NecReduc_{r}/csprelim)*2$

with a maximum value of 1 or full elimination

1. The physical demands for crops for meat and fish in tons (FDEM, categories 2 and 3) are reduced by reducfact, and the values of the meat and fish reduction are saved for the next step

$Meatreduc_{r}=FDEM_{r,f=2}*ReducFact_{r}$ $Fishreduc_{r}=FDEM_{r,f=3}*ReducFact_{r}$

$FDEM_{r,f=2,3}=FDEM_{r,f=2,3}*(1-Reducfact)_{r}$

1. An estimate of the necessary reductions in crops for food, in monetary terms is estimated by subtracting the savings obtained through the reduction in meat demand

$FoodReduc_{r}=NecReduc_{r}-MeatReduc_{r}*CSF_{r}*WAP_{f=2,t=1}-FishReduc_{r}*CSF_{r}*WAP_{f=3,t=1}$

The physical demand for crops for food (FDEM) is then reduced as follows

$FDEM_{r,f=1}=Max(0.1*FDEM_{r,f=1},FDEM_{r,f=1}-FoodReduc_{r}/(CSF_{r}*WAP_{f=1,t=1}))$

Note that this ensures that FDEM is not reduced by more than ninety percent.

Finally, given the changes above, the total demand is recalculated as the sum of the final values of feed, industry, and food demand and transmission losses

$AGDEM_{r,f}=FEDDEM_{r,f}+INDEM_{r,f}+FDEM_{r,f}+FMDEM_{r,f}+AGLOSSTRANS_{r,f}$

Box 1: Adjustments in the Pre-processor to Ensure Proper Balances The pre-processor reads in data from the FAO Food Balance Sheets and initializes values for the amount of agricultural commodities used for direct human consumption, FDEM, feed (FEDEM), industry (INDEM), food manufacturing (FMDEM), as well as transmission losses (AGLOSSTRANS). All of these are measured in MMT per year. At the same time, it reads in data for production (AGP), imports (AGM), exports (AGX), and total domestic supply (AGDOMSUPP)[1]. A set of conditions should be meet for these variables for each category: AGDOMSUPP = AGP + AGM – AGX. This says that total domestic supply equals production plus imports minus exports. This equivalence can be broken if there are changes in stocks, which we will see in forecast years. Currently, however, we assume there are no such changes in the first year. Thus it may be necessary to make adjustment for the equivalence to hold in first year. This is done in the pre-processor, by keeping AGDOMSUPP the same and applying the following three rules: </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> </ol> If AGDOMSUPP > AGP + AGM – AGX, i.e., stocks were being drawn down, increase AGP and AGM while reducing AGX. If AGDOMSUPP < AGP + AGM – AGX, i.e., stocks were being added to, decrease AGP and AGM while increasing AGX. Make sure that AGP, AGM, and AGX do not fall below a minimum value. Sum of AGM across countries = Sum of AGX across countries. This says that imports and exports need to match. If they do not, the model calculates the average of the two sums and adjusts AGM and AGX in each country proportionately. AGP + AGM – AGX = FDEM + FEDEM + INDEM + FMDEM + AGLOSSTRANS. This says that the total domestic supply, which accounts for production losses, has to match the total uses (including losses in transmission and distribution). </ol> The pre-processor includes procedures to ensure that these three conditions hold for the initial values in each country. This can lead to minor adjustments in the values for the supply and demand categories. These processes can also lead to changes in related variables, including the production of non-animal meat products (CAGPMILKEGGS), fish catch (AGFISHCATCH), aquaculture production (AQUACUL), the size of the livestock herd (LVHERD), and the breakdown of land areas (LD). The latter occurs because we do not want these processes to change crop yields (YL).

  

 

 

Trade

Consistent with the approaches within both the economic model and the energy model, trade of agricultural products in IFs uses a pooled approach rather than a bilateral one.   That is, we can see the total exports and imports of each country/region, but not the specific volume of trade between any two.  Offered exports and demanded imports from each country/region are responsive to the past shares of export and import bases and are summed globally.  The average of the totals is taken as the actual level of global trade and the country exports and imports are normalized to that level. 

Price differentials across countries do not influence agricultural trade. Although the IFs project has experimented over time with making such trade responsive to prices, there is an increasing tendency globally for food prices to be more closely aligned across countries than was true historically.  Moreover, the use within IFs of local relative food surpluses or deficits (as indicated by stock levels) to adjust trade patterns is an effective proxy for the use of prices.

The initial year values of the imports (AGM) and exports (AGX) of the three agricultural commodities in physical quantities are determined in the pre-processor. Since we only have historical data on the imports and exports of fish in monetary terms, these need to be converted to physical terms. This is done by multiplying the monetary values, which are in $billion, by 1000*/2200 to get physical values in million tons. In addition, exports of fish are limited to be less than 70 percent of total fish available and imports less than 1 percent of total fish available. For each of the three agricultural commodity groupings, if there is an imbalance between global imports and global exports in the preprocessor, the latter takes precedence and national imports are adjusted to bring global imports into line with global exports.

In the first year, seven variables are set related to trade for each commodity: XKAVE, MKAVE, XKAVMAX, MKAVMAX at the country level and wxct₌₁, wmd_t=1, and WAP_t=1 at the global level.

XKAVE and MKAVE are moving average values of export and import propensity, respectively. They are specified as the ratio of agricultural exports and imports to a base value (xbase) for each commodity. For exports, this is basically the sum of production and demand for that commodity; for imports, it is just demand.

$XKAVE_{r,f=1-3,t=1}=AGX_{r,f=1-3,t=1}/(AGP_{r,f=1-3,t=1}+AGDEM_{r,f=1-3,t=1})$

$MKAVE_{r,f=1-3,t=1}=AGM_{r,f=1-3,t=1}/AGDEM_{r,f=1-3,t=1}$

XKAVMAX and MKAVMAX are maximum values of XKAVE and MKAVE. For crops and meat, XKAVMAX is set to 1.1 times XKAVE, but is not allowed to exceed a value of 0.7; MKAVMAX is set to 1.5 times XKAVE, but also is not allowed to exceed a value of 0.7. For fish, XKAVMAX is set to 1.1 times XKAVE, with a bound of 0.95; MKAVE is set to 1.5 times MKAVE, with a bound of 2. These values are held constant for all future years.

XPriceTermLag, and MPriceTermLag are set to 0 for all commodities. wxc and wmd are the total world agricultural exports and imports; these are set to a value of 1 in the first year. WAP is the initial world price index for each commodity, which is set to 100.

In the forecast years, the process for determining agricultural imports and exports involves the following steps:

1. Estimating the agricultural export capacity and agricultural import demand for each country.
2. Reconciling the differences between global agricultural export capacity and global agricultural import demand.
3. Computing the actual levels of agricultural exports and agricultural imports for each country

The agricultural export capacity is estimated by multiplying the export propensity (XKAVE) by the current year’s production and demand. It is also limited by XKAVMAX:

$AGX_{r,f=1-3}=MIN(XKAVE_{r,f=1-3},XKAVMAX_{r,f=1-3})*(AGP_{r,f=1-3}+AGDEM_{r,f=1-3})$

Similarly, the agricultural import demand is estimated by multiplying the import propensity (MKAVE) by the current year’s demand, with a limit set by MKAVMAX

$AGM_{r,f=1-3}=MIN(MKAVE_{r,f=1-3},MKAVMAX_{r,f=1-3})*AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}$

For each country, values are also estimated for its net surplus or deficit (surpdef) for each commodity. This is based on the following factors: 1) post-loss production, 2) domestic demand, 3) the difference between current and desired stocks, and 4) a trade term

$surpdef_{r,f=1-3}=AGP_{r,f=1-3}*(1-LOSS_{r,f=1-3})-AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}+cumstk_{r,f=1-3}-agdstl*(AGP_{r,f=1-3}+AGDEM_{r,f=1-3})+TradeTerm_{r,f=1-3})$

The first three factors are straightforward. Production minus demand reflects a basic net surplus, which is then adjusted by any net surplus in stocks. The TradeTerm is related the relative role a country plays in global imports and exports and is given as:

$TradeTerm_{r,f=1-3}=(AGM_{r,f=1-3}/wmd_{f=1-3,t-1}-AGX_{r,f=1-3}/wxc_{f=1-3,t-1})*(wmd_{f=1-3,t-1}+wxc_{f=1-3,t-1})/2$

The TradeTerm is positive (negative) when a country has a larger (smaller) share of the global imports than it does of the global exports of a particular commodity and vice versa. Since the TradeTerm is added to surpdef, it acts as a balancing mechanism; countries that appear as relatively larger (smaller) importers get a positive (negative) boost to their estimated net surplus, which tends to reduce (increase) imports as shown below.

At this point, the global sum of exports and imports across countries will likely differ. Therefore, a procedure is required to balance these. In preparation for this one more global variable and several country-level variables are calculated. The global variable is globalsurdefrate, which is the ratio of the sum across countries of net surplus divided by the sum across countries of demand and production, which is the stock base.

$globalsurdefrate_{f=1-3}=(sum_{r}(surpdef_{r,f=1-3})/(sum_{r}(AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}+AGP_{r,f=1-3}))$

The country-level variables are as follows:

The first term modifies the country’s net surplus, increasing (decreasing) it when the global net surplus is negative (positive).

$countryextrasurdef_{r,f=1-3}=surpdef_{r,f=1-3}-globalsurdefrate_{f=1-3}*(AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}+AGP_{r,f=1-3})$

The second term modifies how rapidly the net surplus is closed.

$countryextrasurdefadj_{r,f=1-3}=countryextrasurdef_{r,f=1-3}/5$

The third term is simply the ratio of exports to the sum of imports and exports.

$exportshare_{r,f=1-3}=AGX_{r,f=1-3}/(AGX_{r,f=1-3}+AGM_{r,f=1-3})$

The next step is to calculate whether it is necessary to increase (decrease) imports and decrease (increase) exports for each country, and by how much. Whether a country needs to increase its initial estimates of imports and decrease its initial estimates of exports, or vice versa, is determined by the sign of countryextrasurdef. If this value is negative, i.e., the country has a net deficit, it will need to reduce exports and increase imports. The opposite holds for when countryextrasurdef is positive.

As for the amount by which imports and exports need to be increased or decreased, this is a function, in general, of the size of the necessary adjustment and the export share:

$AGX_{r,f=1-3}=AGX_{r,f=1-3}+countryextrasurfdefadj_{f=1-3}*exportshare_{r,f=1-3}$ $AGM_{r,f=1-3}=AGM_{r,f=1-3}-countryextrasurfdefadj_{f=1-3}*(1-exportshare_{r,f=1-3})$

Note that the sign of countryextrasurdef and the fact that exportshare is a value between 0 and 1 ensure that when exports increases, imports fall, and vice versa.Finally, in this adjustment process, exports and imports are not allowed to fall by more than half or more than double.

This process may not fully reconcile global trade, so a final adjustment is made by setting world trade (WT) as the average of global exports and imports and then adjusting the country values accordingly:

$WT_{f=1-3}=(sum_{r}(AGX_{r,f=1-3})+sum_{r}(AGM_{r,f=1-3}))/2$ $AGX_{r,f=1-3}=AGX_{r,f=1-3}*WT_{f=1-3}/(sum_{r}(AGX_{r,f=1-3}))$ $AGM_{r,f=1-3}=AGM_{r,f=1-3}*WT_{f=1-3}/(sum_{r}(AGM_{r,f=1-3}))$

IFs can now update the moving average export (XKAVE) and import (MKAVE) propensities for the next time step. The weights given to history are set by the global parameters xhwand mhw. For small exporters, i.e., where exports are less than one tenth of the sum of production and demand, xhwis reduced by 40 percent, allowing for faster adjustment. XKAVE and MKAVE are updated as

$XKAVE_{r,f=1-3,t+1}=XKAVE_{r,f=1-3}+(1-xhw)*AGX_{r,f=1-3}/(AGP_{r,f=1-3}+AGDEM_{r,f=1-3})$

$MKAVE_{r,f=1-3,t+1}=XMAVE_{r,f=1-3}+{1-mhw}*AGM_{r,f=1-3}/AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}$

For crops, the import propensity is bound from below by a factor given by potential GDP (GDPPOT), demand (AGDEM), the conversion factor between agricultural imports in physical terms and dollar values (msf, see section on links to the economic model), and the initial world price for agriculture (WAP).

$XKAVE_{r,f=1-3,t+1}=>(0.6*GDPPOT_{r})/(AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}*msf_{r}*WAP_{f,t=1})$

Finally, XKAVE and MKAVE are bound from above by XKAVMAX and MKAVMAX, respectively.

Stocks

First year

Due to a lack of good historical data, in the first year, stocks for all three agricultural commodities are assumed to equal desired stocks. These are set to a fraction (agdstl) of total production (AGP) and demand (AGDEM) for each commodity.

$FSTOCK_{r,f=1-3}=(AGP_{r,f=1-3}+AGDEM_{r,f=1-3})*Agdstl$

Where

Agdstl is a parameter used to set desired stock levels for agricultural commodities.  It is set to be 1.5 times dstl, which is a global parameter that can be adjusted by the user

Forecast years

In future years, basic stock levels (CumStk) increase with production (AGP), decrease with demand or consumption (AGDEM), and adjust for net imports (AGM-AGX).

$CumStk_{r=1-3}=FSTOCK_{r,f=1-3,t-1}+StkAdj_{r,f=1-3}$ $StkAdj_{r,f=1-3}=AGP_{r,f=1-3}-AGDEM_{r,f=1-3}+(AGM_{r,f}-AGX_{r,f=1-3})$

Of course, the actual stock values (FSTOCK) are not allowed to go negative. If the basic stock level is negative, stocks are set at zero and a shortage (Sho) exists, which affects calorie availability. If the basic stock level is positive there is no shortage and stocks equal the basic level.

$ifcumstk_{r,f=1-3}<0thenSho_{r,f=1-3}=-StkAdj_{r,f=1-3}andFSTOCK_{r,f=1-3}=0$ $ifcumstk_{r,f=1-3}>0thenSho_{r,f=1-3}=0andFSTOCK_{r,f=1-3}=cumstk_{r,f}$

Also, if shortages are greater than 0, a reduction factor (ReductionFactor)is computed which is then used to adjust demand and losses.

$ifSHO_{r,f}>0,ReductionFactor_{r,f}=(AGDEM_{r,f}-SHO_{r,f})/AGDEM_{r,f}$ $FDEM_{r,f}=FDEM_{r,f}*ReductionFactor_{r,f}$ $FEDDEM_{r,f}=FEDDEM_{r,f}*ReductionFactor_{r,f}$ $INDEM_{r,f}=INDEM_{r,f}*ReductionFactor_{r,f}$ $FMDEM_{r,f}=FMDEM_{r,f}*ReductionFactor_{r,f}$ $AGLOSSTRANS_{r,f}=AGLOSSTRANS_{r,f}*ReductionFactor_{r,f}$

Calorie Availability

Daily per capita calorie availability (CLPC) is initialized in the pre-processor. Where available, data is taken from the FAO It is multiplied by population (POP) to yield total daily calorie availability and brought into the model with the name CLAVAL. We already saw that this first year value is used in the calculation of two country-specific factors: 1) calactpredrat, which is a shift factor determined as the ratio of calorie availability to predicted calorie demand in the first year, and 2) sclavf, which is a conversion factor relating the total annual demand for food crops and crop equivalents from meat to daily calorie availability.

In the forecast years, CLAVAL is calculated using the final value of calories per capita.

$CLAVAL_{r}=CLPC_{r,f=4}*POP_{r}$

Calorie availability combines with regional calorie need in the population model for the calculation of possible starvation deaths (a seldom used variable because in official death statistics people do not die of starvation but rather of diseases associated with undernutrition); the population and health models therefore look instead to the impact of calorie availability on undernutrition and health.

Prices

IFs keeps track of both national (FPRI) and world (WAP) price indices for each of the three agricultural commodities. All of these are set to an index value of 100 in the building of the base.

The national crop price indices (FPRI, category (1) respond to: 1) changes in global costs of crop production, the latter being expressed as the ratio of global accumulated capital investment in crops to global production and 2) changes in the level of domestic crop stocks. The first factor should provide a long-term basis for rising or falling prices tied to changing technology and other factors of production; the second factor generally should represent shorter-term market variations from that long-term level.

The impact of global costs is given by dividing the ratio of global investment in crops to global production (wkagagpr) in the current year to that same ratio in the first year.  The effect of stocks on crop prices (Mul) is calculated using the same ADJSTR function introduced in the description of crop supply, which considers the difference between both the current crop stocks and a desired vale and between current crop stocks and those in the previous year. Two parameters control the degree to which these two ‘differences’ affect the calculation of the adjustment factor. In this case, these are the global, user-controllable parameters fpricr1and fpricr2. All together the equation for domestic crop price indices in the coming year is given as

$FPRI_{r,f=1,t+1}=WAP_{f=1,t=1}*wkagagpr_{r,t}/wkagagpr_{r,t=1}*Mul_{r}$

The domestic crop price indices are also bound between 0.01 and 1000.

The national meat price indices are linked the global crop price. Specifically, they are given as a moving average of the global crop price index

$FPRI_{r,f=2,t+1}=fprihw*FPRI_{r,f=2,t}+(1-fprihw)*WAP_{f=1,t}$

Where

fprihw is a global parameter used to control the speed at which the domestic meat price changes.

The national fish price indices are all set equal to the global fish price index. The determination of the global fish price is similar to that for the national crop price, but here the stock of interest is the global stock and there is no effect related to costs. The ADJSTR function is used once again to calculate the adjustment factor (MUL), this time focusing on the desired global fish stock, the difference between this and the current global fish stock, and the change in the global fish stock in the past year. Again, two parameters control the degree to which these two "differences" affect the calculation of the adjustment factor. In this case, these are the global, user-controllable parameters fprim1and fprim2. The global and national fish prices are thus calculated as

The world price indices for crops and meat are computed, in the following year, as a weighted average of the domestic prices, with the weights given by crop and meat production:

$WAP_{r,f=1-2,t+1}=(sum_{r}(FPRI_{r,f=1-2,t+1}*AGP_{r,f=1-2,t+1}))/(sum_{r}(AGP_{r,f=1-2,t+1}))$

Returns and Profits

IFs estimates the net returns in agriculture (AGReturn) for each commodity as the ratio of gross returns (GReturn) to production costs (ProdCost and MProdCost). The agricultural profit ratios (FPROFITR) are then estimated as the ratio of AGReturn in the current year to its value in the initial year. At some points in the evolution of IFs we have used FPROFITR as a guide to rates of investment (see the calculation of mulrprof in All but First 2: Investment); the current formulation for investment does not do so. For completeness, however, we provide a description of these processes in the model, as they still exist as live code.

Pre-processor and first year

In the first year, values for FPROFITR, sfprofitr, and FPRofitR are all set to 1.

Forecast years

The production costs for crops are estimated as the cost of cropland, priced at the cost of new land development (CLD), plus the investment in agricultural capital (KAG). The net revenues are given as total yield times the domestic crop price index. This results in

$ProdCost_{r,f=1,t}=LD_{r,l=1,t}*CLD_{r,t}+KAG_{r,t}$

$GReturn_{r,f=1,t}=(byl_{r,f}*LD_{r,f=1}*FPRI_{r,f=1}*(AGLOSSPROD_{r,f=1}/AGP_{r,f=1}))/ProdCost_{r,f=1,t}$

For meat, production costs are estimated by the value of the crop equivalents produced by grazing and the cost of feed, where the value is given by the domestic meat price index. The net revenues are based on the size of the herd and the domestic meat price index. This results in

$MProdCost_{r,f=2,t}=(LD_{r,l=2,t}*GLDCAP_{r,t}+FEDDEM_{r,t})*FPRI_{r,f=2,t+1}$ $GReturn_{r,f=2,t}=(LVHERD_{r,t}*FPRI_{r,f=2,t+1})/ProdCost_{(}r,f=2,t)$

For fish, the production costs are simply estimated by the total production of fish times the domestic meat price index. The net revenues are given as the total production of fish times the domestic fish price index. This implies

$MProdCost_{r,f=3,t}=FISH_{r,t}*FPRI_{r,f=2,t+1}$ Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle GReturn_{r,f=3,t} =(AGP_{r,f=3}* FPRI_{r,f=3,t+1})/ProdCost_{r,f=3,t}}

The net returns for each commodity can then be calculated as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle AGReturn_{r,f=1-3,t} = GReturn_{r,f=1-3,t}/ProdCost_{r,f=1-3,t} }

These net returns are used to account for changes in profits over time, using the variable FPROFITR, which influences investment in agriculture. This variable is calculated for each commodity as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle FPROFIT_{r,f=1-3,t} = AGReturn_{r,f=1-3,t}/ARGeturn_{r,f=1-3,t=1} }

A similar variable (wfprofitr) is calculated at the global level as a production weighted average of country/region values, but only for crops.

Investment

Investment in agriculture is relatively complex in IFs, because changes in investment are the key factor that allows us to clear the agricultural market in the long term. It is very similar to investment in energy, except that we do not need to compute type-specific investments—capital in agriculture is only used for the production function of crops.

We calculate a total agricultural investment need (INAG) to take to the economic model and place into the computation for investment among sectors. This calculation involves multiple factors.  These begin with an initial estimate or targeted level of investment (TInAg) that is the product of the ratio of investment to GDP in the previous year times the GDP in the current year.

Three factors modify that basic or target investment level.  Two of those are global and one is regional.  The first global factor is a multiplier linked to year-to-year change in the ratio of agricultural demand to GDP (WAgDemRMul); typically agricultural demand grows more slowly than GDP.  The second is a multiplier responsive to the level of global stocks (MulWSt); if those drop below target levels it would increase production globally and vice versa.  The model could use a global price average instead of stocks, but in the recursive structure stocks determine prices and therefore use of stocks accelerates responsiveness of investment.  Similarly, the regional factor represents a multiplier tied to regional stock levels (MulSt).

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle TInAg_{r,t} = INAG_{r,t-1}/GDP_{r,t-1} * GDP_{r,t}* WAgDemRMul_{t} * MulWSt_{t}* MulSt_{r,t}}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle WAgDemRMul_{t} =((sum_R(AGDEM_{r,t} )/WGDP_{t} )/((sum_R(AGDEM_{r,t-1})/WGDP_{t-1})}

To elaborate, MulWSt and MulSt are adjustment factors related to global and domestic crop stocks, respectively. Both use the PID ADJSTR function described earlier, just as changes in prices use it in order to set prices that change year-to-year so as to chase supply-demand equilibration over time. For MulWSt, the controlling parameters in the PID function for stocks versus targets and changes in stocks are hard coded with values of -0.3 and -0.9, respectively. For MulSt, these parameters are hard coded with values of -0.2 and -0.4, respectively.

Experience with that initial estimate, however, shows that it can be overly responsive to one or more of the multiplicative adjustment factors, thereby setting up behavior that oscillates.  Therefore the next step is to compute a smoothed rate of investment as a share of GDP (SmInAgR).  That rate gives more weight (60 percent) to the final investment rate in the previous year than it does to the rate that results from the initial target investment calculation.  The overall result of this process is to smooth changes in the rate of investment over time.  Desired investment (INAG) is the product of that smoothed rate and GDP.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle INAG_{r,t}= SmInAgR_{r,t} * GDP_{r,t} }

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle SmInAgR_{r,t} = INAG_{r,t-1}/GDP_{r,t-1} *0.6+ TInAg_{r,t}/GDP_{r,t} *0.4)}

To further prevent too rapid of a shift in demand for agricultural investment, INAG is not allowed to increase by more than 30 percent or decrease by more than 25 percent from the actual investment in the current year. A second check ensures that the demand is no less than 0.5 percent and no greater than 40 percent of current agricultural capital (KAG).

At this point a user-controlled country-specific multiplier aginvmcan boost or reduce INAG. One final check ensures that as long as GDP in the country is larger than it was in the first year, the demand for agricultural investment is not allowed to decline at an annual rate of more than 1 percent per year from the first year.

Investment need (INAG) then enters the economic model, which returns a value reconciled with all other investment needs and that feeds into further calculations in the agriculture model.

Economic Linkages

Several variables, such as gross production, stocks, consumer spending, trade, prices and investment, are common to both the economic model and the two physical models. But hardly ever will the economic and physical models produce identical values, even during the first time step when both utilize "data." Thus, although we want the physical model value to override that of the economic model, it cannot simply replace it. Instead IFs extensively uses a procedure of computing an adjustment coefficient during the first time step. That coefficient is the ratio of the value in the economic model to the value in the physical model. In subsequent years IFs uses that coefficient to adjust the value from the physical model before its introduction into the economic model.

Gross production (ZS) in the agricultural sector illustrates this procedure. The value of gross production in the agricultural model is the sum of the products of agricultural production (AGP) and prices (WAP) in each agricultural category. Multiplying that times an adjustment factor (ZSF) computed in the first time stop to assure inter-model consistency produces gross production for the economic (ZS). World average prices (WAP) are used in all the economic/physical model conversions because they assure that global sums (e.g. of exports and imports) will balance.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ZS_{r,s=1}=ZSF_{r}*sum_f(WAP_{f,t=1}*AGP_{r,f,t} ) }

Where,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ZSF_{r} =ZS_{r,s=1}/(sum_f(WAP_{f,t=1}*AGP_{r,f,t=1} ) )}

Similarly, food stocks in each category (FSTOCK) and an adjustment factor (FSF) produce stocks (ST) for the economic model.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ST_{r,s=1}=FSF_{r}*sum_{f}(FSTOCK_{r,f,t}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) }

Where,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle FSF_{r} = ST_{r,s=1}/(sum_{f}(FSTOCK_{r,f,t=1}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) )}

A similar translation is made for consumer spending on agricultural commodities, recognizing that not all crop demand is directly by consumers.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle CS_{r,s=1} = CSF_{r} *(FDEM_{r,t} * WAP_{f=1,t=1} +sum_{f=2,3}(AGDEM_{r,f,t}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) )}

Where

$CSF_{r}=CS_{r,s=1}/(FDEM_{r,t=1}*WAP_{f=1,t=1}+sum_{f=2,3}(AGDEM_{r,f,t}*WAP_{f,t=1}))$

In the same fashion exports (AGX) and imports (AGM) from the agricultural model allow calculation of exports (XS) and imports (MS) for the economic model.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle XS_{r,s=1}= xsf_{r} *sum_f(AGX_{r,f,t}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) }

Where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle xsf_{r}= XS_{r,s=1}/(sum_{f}(AGX_{r,f,t=1}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) )}

and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle MS_{r,s=1} = msf_{r} *sum_f(AGX_{r,f,t}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) }

where

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle msf_{r}= MS_{r,s=1}/(sum_f(AGN_{r,f,t}* WAP_{f,t=1} ) )}

A check and, if necessary, adjustment is made ensure that the monetary values of imports and exports match up at the global level.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle XS_{r,s=1} = XS_{r,s=1} * ((sum_{r}(XS_{r,s=1} ) +sum_{r}(MS_{r,s=1} ) )/2)/(sum_{r}(XS_{r,s=1} ) )}

and

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle MS_{r,s=1}= MS_{r,s=1} *((sum_{r}(XS_{r,s=1} ) +sum_r(MS_{r,s=1} ) )/2)/(sum_{r}(MS_{r,s=1} ) )}

With respect to prices, the agriculture model passes to the economic model a value (PRI), which reflects the ratio of the current domestic crop price index to the initial world crop price index.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle PRI_{r,s=1} = FPRI_{r,f=1}/ WAP_{r,f=1,t=1} }

Finally, investment need (INAG) is passed to the economic model under the variable name IDS, category 1 (agriculture).

Capital Dynamics

The economic model of IFs returns a (potentially) modified value of IDS, category 1, reflecting the total amount of capital available for agriculture. This value is assigned to the variable IAval, which overrides the value of INAG calculated earlier (earlier it was basically investment demand; after return from the economic model it becomes investment supply). The agriculture model divides the investment available for agriculture (IAval) into investment for cropland development and investment for other agriculture capital. The coefficient IALK indicates the portion going to cropland development.

IALK is set to a default value of 0.25 for all countries in the pre-processor. In forecast years, IALK changes from this initial value depending on change in the ratio of return on land (RETR) to return on capital (RETK).

IFs calculates the return rate on land as the crop yield (YL) in the first year divided by the current cost of developing a unit of cropland (CLD).

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle RETLD_{r} = YL_{r,t=1}/ CLD_{r,t} }

The return on capital depends on the difference between the hypothetical level of crop yield (HYL) that could be obtained from an additional unit investment in agricultural capital and the crop yield without that increment (CompYl). Recalling how crop yield is estimated, the hypothetical crop yield is given as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle HypothYl_{r} = cD_{r} * agtec_{r} *(KAG_{r+1})^( ALPHA_{r} )*(labagi_{r} )^((1-ALPHA_{r} ) )* satk_{r}} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle CompYl_{r} = cD_{r} * agtec_{r} *(KAG_{r} )^(ALPHA_{r} )*(labagi_{r} )^((1-ALPHA_{r} ) )* satk_{r}}

and the return on capital is given as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle RETCap_{r} = LD_{r,l=1} *(HypothYLl_{r}- CompYl_{r} )}

The ratio of the return to land to the return to capital (RETRAT) is given as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle RETRAT_{r} = RETLD_{r}/ RETCap_{r} }

The adjustment of IALK uses the same first and second order adjustment mechanism that we have seen before with the ADJSTR function. Here the ‘target’ level is the ratio of the return to land to the return to capital in the first year.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle IALK_{r,t+1} = IALK_{r,t=1} *(1+(RETRAT_{r}-RETRAT_{r,t=1}/1))^{eliasp1}*(1+(RETRAT_{r}-RETRAT_{r,t-1}/1))^{eliasp2}}

where,

eliasp1 and eliasp2 are global parameters

Two final checks are made on the value of IALK. First, it is not allowed to exceed a value related to the cost of replacing depreciated investment in land and bringing a portion of grazing or forested land into production.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle IALK_{r,t+1} =<((0.04* LD_{r,l=3} +0.04* LD_{r,l=4} +dkl* LD_{r,l=1} )* CLD_{r})/ IAval_{r} }

Second, IALK is bound between 0.1 and 0.8.

Finally the model updates agricultural capital (KAG) for the next year by subtracting depreciation as represented by agricultural capital lifetime (lks), adding the residual (non-land) investment, and adjusting for any civilian damage from warfare (CIVDM – see international politics model documentation).

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle KAG_{r,t+1} = KAG_{r,t}- KAG_{r,t} /lks_{s=1} + IAval_{r}*(1-IALK_{r,t+1} )*(1- CIVDM_{r})}

Land Dynamics

 Land in IFs is divided into five categories—crop, grazing, forest, urban, and other land. Historical data on total land area (LDTot), crop land (LD_l=1), grazing land (LD_l=2), forest land (LD_l=3), and other land (LD_l=4) are taken from FAO data. Historical data on urban land (LD_l=5) is taken from WRI.

Pre-processor and first year

A few adjustments to the historical data are made in the pre-processor.

• In the pre-processor total production of food is reconciled with the total trade. In cases where, demand is greater than domestic supply of crops, crop production is increased to reconcile demand with supply of food production. Crop land is also increased proportionately. 
• If urban land is more than three quarters the area of other land, land is shifted from urban to other land
• If no data is available for crop land, the same is set to 30 percent of total land area. If no data is available for grazing land, same is set to 5 percent of total land area. If no data is available for other land, same is set to 30 percent of total land area.

After these changes, total land area is recomputed as the sum of the area of the individual land categories.

The pre-processor also reads in a value for potentially arable land (landarablepot), which affects the amount of potential cropland in the model. The share of agricultural capital going to land (IALK) is set to 0.25 in the pre-processor.

One final parameter is estimated related to land in the pre-processor. This is the target rate of growth of cropland (tgrld). When data is available, this is currently estimated as the growth rate of cropland between the year 2015 and the year 2005.

$tgrld_{r}=(LD_{r,l=1,yr=2015}/LD_{r,l=1,yr=2005})^{1/10}-1$

When no data are available for cropland in either 2015 or 2005, the target rate of growth of cropland is estimated as a function of average income

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle tgrld_{r} =0.009-0.011*MIN(1,GDPPCP_{r}/30)}

with a maximum growth rate given as a function of cropland as a share of total land

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle tgrld_{r} =< tmaxgrow_{r} =0.015-0.01*MIN(1,0.5* LD_{r,l=1}/LDTot_{r} )}

Finally, this target growth rate is restricted to fall between -0.003 and +0.01.

In the first year, IFs estimates an initial unit cost of cropland development (CLD) as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle CLD_{r,t=1}=(IDS_{r,s=1,t=1} * IALK_{r,t=1})/(LD_{r,l=1,t=1}*(dkl+tgrld_{r} ) )}

where,

IDS is the total investment in agriculture

IALK is the share of agricultural investment going to cropland development

dkl is a global parameter indicating the depreciation rate of investment in cropland, essentially a maintenance cost for existing cropland

tgrld is the target growth rate for cropland

A related factor (SCLdF), to be used in determining the cost of land development in future years, is also calculated in the first year

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle SCLdF_{r} = CLD_{r,t=1}/LD_{r,l=1,t=1} }

Forecast years

IFs calculates changes in land use for the coming year as a result of four key dynamic processes. First, changes in urban land may result from income and population changes. Second, economic shifts related to investment, particularly in the agricultural sector, can affect the amount of cropland. Third, IFs there can be expansion or retirement of grazing land for undefined reasons. Finally, in certain scenarios, specific changes in forest land can result from policies related to issues such as conservation and environmental protection.

Changes in urban land from income and population changes

Changes in urban land result from changes in population and income. IFs first estimates a predicted level of urban land (LandUrbanPred), which is then compared to current urban land. Any changes are assumed to affect all other land types proportionately, unless this leads to not enough land in a particular category. The growth with income is based on an estimated relationship between income and urban land per capita (LandUrbanR)

The predicted level of urban land (LandUrbanPred) is then given as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle LandUrbanPred_{r} = LD_{r,l=4,t=1} *(POP_{r,t}/POP_{r,t=1} )*(LandUrbanR_{r,t}/LandUrbanR_{r,t=1} )}

The change in urban land (NUrbLD) is then calculated as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle NUrbLD_{r} = LandUrbanPred_{r} - LD_{r,l=4}}

Limits are placed on the change in urban land area. First, if urban land is growing, the amount of increase in a single year cannot exceed 1/100^th of a variable that is related to the change in the non-urban share of all other land from the base year (NonUrbanShrR)

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle NonUrbanShrR_{r} = (NonUrbanShr_{r,t}/NonUrbanShr_{r,t=1} )^{2}}

where,

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle NonUrbanShr_{r,t=1,t} =(sum_{l}LD_{r,l=1-4,t} )/(sum_{l}LD_{r,l=1-5,t} )}

Second, if urban land is declining, it is not permitted to fall below 10,000 hectares. Third, the changes in Urban land are assumed to affect all other land categories proportionately

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle Reduc_{r,l=1-4} = NUrbLD_{r} * LD_{r,l=1-4}/(sum_{l}LD_{r,l=1-4} )}

However, this is not allowed to result in the area for a given land category falling below 1,000 hectares. Thus, there may be a slight reduction in the amount of new urban land in certain cases.

Changes in cropland due to investment and/or depreciation.

The changes in cropland are driven by the economics of land. Specifically, they are a function of the profitability of cropland. Also, they are assumed to affect, at least directly, only the forest and the other land categories.

A maximum amount of cropland expansion each year (MaxLandExpansion) is fixed by the amount of forest land, the amount of other lands, the amount of potential arable land, and the existing amount of cropland. The maximum amount of expansion must be at least 2/100^th of the existing cropland, but beyond that it cannot exceed either the total amount of forest and other land or the difference between 110% of the potential arable land (landarablepot) and current cropland.

The change in the amount of cropland and the initially estimated share of agricultural investment going to cropland in the following year are computed differently depending upon the maximum amount of cropland expansion relative to the amount of existing cropland and the current level of average income in a country. Specifically, if the maximum amount of cropland expansion is less than 10 percent of existing cropland then it is assumed that there is no change in cropland (lddev = 0) and that no agricultural investment is targeted for cropland development (IALK = 0).

If the condition mentioned in the previous paragraph is met, i.e., there is an ‘adequate’ amount of land for expanding cropland, the amount of change in cropland (lddev) is initially calculated as

$LdDev_{r}=(((IAval_{r}*IALK_{r})/CLD_{r})*ldcropm_{r})-(LD_{r,l=1}*dkl)$

where

IAval is the total amount of funds available for investment in agriculture which is equal to IDS

IALK is the share of agricultural investment going to cropland development

CLD is the unit cost of cropland development

dkl is the depreciation rate of investment in cropland (essential a maintenance cost for existing cropland)

ldcropm is a country-specific multiplier that can be used to increase or decrease changes in cropland

Note that this equation takes into account the need to maintain existing cropland. Also, at this point, the value of LdDev is bound from below to ensure that it does not imply a greater than 10 percent decrease in existing cropland. For relatively poor countries (GDPPCP < 10), the constraint is even stricter. Specifically, IFs calls for a shift in funds to ensure that no cropland is lost. The desired shift in funds is given as

$DesShift_{r}=-CLD_{r}*LdDev_{r}$

The actual shift in funds is limited to 90 percent of the available funds, however, where the available funds are the investment in agriculture not initially designated for cropland development

$Shift_{r}=MIN(0.9*IAval_{r}*(1-IALK_{r}),DesShift_{r})$

The value of lddev given the actual shift in funds is given as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle LdDev_{r} = LdDev_{r} + Shift_{r}/ CLD_{r} }

In addition, the share of investment in agriculture designated for cropland development is updated to be

$IALK_{r}=IALK_{r}+Shift_{r}/IAval_{r}$

The changes in cropland are linked to changes in land in the forest and ‘other’ categories. The amount coming from/going to forests reflects the share of forest land relative to ‘other’ land, as well as the current level of development. For countries with a GDP per capita higher than 15,000 dollars and where LdDev is less than 0, more is given back to forest land and the ForShrPar is set to 0.25.

$LDDEVFor_{r}=LdDev_{r}*LD_{r,l=3}/(LD_{r,l=3}+LD_{r,l=4})*ForShrPar_{r}$

where,

ForShrPar is given by the function depicted below;

Changes in crop land due to investment and or depreciation

The solid line holds when land is being converted from forests to cropland (lddev > 0) and the dotted line holds when land is being converted from cropland to forests (LdDev < 0). In either case, this implies that the less of the change is related to forest land than would be expected by its share.

Two other qualifiers are that the changes in forest land (LDDEVFor) and the changes in ‘other’ land cannot exceed 90 percent of existing land in these categories and the shifts cannot result in either land category falling below 1,000 hectares. These limits feedback to the change in cropland, finally resulting in the following

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle LdDev_{r}= LDDEVFor_{r} + LDDEVOth_{r}}

$LD_{r,l=1}=LD_{r,l=1}+LdDev_{r}$

$LD_{r,l=3}=LD_{r,l=3}-LDDEVFor_{r}$

$LD_{r,l=4}=LD_{r,l=4}-LDDEVOth_{r}$

Turning back to the future cost of cropland development, this is estimated differently based only on whether there is ‘adequate’ room for cropland land expansion, defined as when the maximum amount of cropland expansion is greater than 10 percent of existing cropland. If this is the case, the future price of cropland is estimated as

$CLD_{r,t+1}=CLD_{r,t=1}*LD_{r,l=1,t}/LD_{r,l=1,t=1}*RemRat_{r}^{0.2}$

where

RemRat is the ratio of the maximum land for expansion in the first year to the maximum land for expansion in the current year, with a maximum value of 10

$RemRat_{r}=MaxLandExpansion_{r,t=1}/MAX(0.1*MaxLandExpansion_{r,t=1},MaxLandExpansion_{r,t})$

This basically states that the price of cropland development grows linearly with growth in cropland and exponentially with declines in available land for cropland expansion.

Alternatively, if the maximum amount of cropland expansion in a given year is less than or equal to10 percent of existing cropland, the cost of bringing new land under cultivation is assumed to grow at the maximum of either 2 percent per year from the cost in the first year or the growth of cropland from the first year. Furthermore, it is not allowed to decline. Thus

$[CLD]_{r,t+1}=MAX(CLD_{r,t},CLD_{r,t=1}*LD_{r,l=1,t}/LD_{r,l=1,t=1},CLD_{r,t=1}*(1+2*(t-2015)/100))$

Changes in grazing land

IFs assumes that relatively poor countries (GDPPCP < 10) will continue to develop additional grazing land, whereas relatively rich countries (GDPPCP > 15) will retire grazing land. No change is expected in countries with average income between $10,000 and $15,000. The annual expansion of grazing land in poor countries is initially estimated as 0.5 percent of the amount of grazing land in the first year. The retirement of grazing land in richer countries is initially estimated as 0.2 percent of current grazing land.

As with cropland, any changes in grazing land will be compensated by changes in forest and ‘other’ land. Each category is initially assumed to be affected proportionately, e.g.,

$ForestShr_{r}=LD_{r,l=3}/(LD_{r,l=3}+LD_{r,l=4})$

Unlike the case for changes in cropland, there is no adjustment to the forest share as a function of income or the direction of change in grazing land. As with the changes in cropland, however, the changes in forest and ‘other’ land cannot exceed 90 percent of existing land in these categories and the shifts cannot result in either land category falling below 1,000 hectares. Again, these limits feed back to the change in grazing land.

Change in forest land due to a policy choice

The model user can also force the land in forest area to increase or decrease at the expense of crop and grazing land via a forest multiplier forestm. The change in forestland, LDSHIFT, is bound. In the case of an increase, i.e., forestm> 1, the amount of added land is limited to 20 percent of crop and grazing land; in the case of a decrease, i.e., forestm< 1, the amount of forest land removed is limited to 20 percent of existing forest land.

$-LD_{r,l=3}/5<LANDSHIFT_{r}<(LD_{r,l=1}+LD_{r,l=2})/5$

$LD_{r,l=3}=LD_{r,l=3}+LANDSHIFT_{r}$

The amount of land taken from cropland and grazing land is proportional to the amount of each.

$CropShare_{r}=LD_{r,l=1}/(LD_{r,l=1}+LD_{r,l=2})$

$LD_{r,l=1}=LD_{r,l=1}+LANDSHIFT_{r}*CROPSHARE_{r}$

$LD_{r,l=2}=LD_{r,l=2}+LANDSHIFT_{r}*(1-CROPSHARE_{r})$

Final checks and renormalization of land use

Two final adjustments are made to the land area values to clean up any quirks that might have be introduced in the previous processes. First, the values for each category are bound between one thousand and ten billion hectares. Second, the values are normalized so that the sum of the categories equals the total amount of land.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle [LD]_{r,l=1-5,t+1}=LD{r,l=1-5} * LD_{r,l=1-5}/(sum_{l}LD_{r,l=1-5} )}

Finally, a value for world forest area (WFORST) is calculated at the end of this process by summing forestland area across all countries.

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle WFORST_{t+1}=sum_{l}LD_{r,l=3} }

Livestock Dynamics

In addition to capital and land, the other "stock" or "level" variable with important temporal dynamics is the livestock herd (LVHERD).

Pre-processor and first year

In the pre-processor, as explained earlier, the values for total meat production and animal meat production are initialized. From these values, IFs calculates the value for livestock by dividing the total animal meat by the slaughter rate (slr)

Forecast years

The value of LVHERD is calculated by using pre-production loss meat production (AGPppl), adjusting the same for animal products produced (AGPMILKEGGS). This gives total animal meat production. The animal meat production is then divided by the slaughter rate slr

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle LVHERD_{r}=(AGPppl_{r,f=2}- AGPMILKEGGS_{r})/slr}

Water Dynamics

Water use begins with data on total water withdrawals from FAO Aquastat.  These are divided by the size of the population to get an estimate of water use per capita.

In future years, water use per capita is forecast to increase in parallel with crop production per capita.  Specifically, an expected level of water use per capita as a function of crop production per capita (see figure below) is calculated for crop production in the current year (CropPC) and crop production in the first year (CropPCI).  The ratio of these values is multiplied by the water use per capita in the first year (WatUsePCI) to get water use per capita in the current year (WatUsePC).  This is multiplied by population (POP) to get total water use (WATUSE)

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle WatUsePC_{r}= WatUsePCI_{r}*f(CropPC_{r} )/f(CropPCI_{r} }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle WATUSE_{r}= WatUsePC_{r} * POP_{r}}

Data Tables read in Agricultural Pre-Processor – DATAGRI.BAS

Table	Definition	Original Source	Variable to which series relates in PP/How the series is used in the PP
SeriesLandArea	Land Area	WDI	LandArea
SeriesMalnChil%WeightWB	Percentage of children under 5 malnourished based on weight; US benchmark	World Health Organization.	Malnourished children
SeriesMalnPop%WB	Percentage of population malnourished	FAO	Malnourished population
SeriesLandCrop	Land, crop	FAO	LDCrop
SeriesLandForest	Land, forest	FAO	LdFor
SeriesLandGrazing	Land, grazing	FAO	LdGraz
SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqAnimalsFSJ	Total Aquatic Animals Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdAqPlantsFSJ	Total Aquatic Plants Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdCephalopodsFSJ	Total Cephalopods Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdCrustaceansFSJ	Total Crustaceans Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdDemersalFSJ	Total  Demersal Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdFreshwaterFSJ	Total Freshwater Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdMarineFSJ	Total Marine Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdMolluscsFSJ	Total Molluscs Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaProdPelagicFSJ	Total Pelagic Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqAnimalsFSJ	Total Aquatic Animals Catch Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqPlantsFSJ	Total Aquatic Plants Catch Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdCephalopodsFSJ	Total Cephalopods Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdCrustaceansFSJ	Total Crustaceans Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdDemersalFSJ	Total Demersal Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdFreshwaterFSJ	Total Freshwater Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdMarineFSJ	Total Marine Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdMolluscsFSJ	Total Molluscs Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdPelagicFSJ	Total Pelagic Capture Production (tonnes) from Fishstatj	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Break down data from FAO into aquaculture and catch stat using data from fish stat j
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqPlantsFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Aquatic Plants (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyBodyOilFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity ofl Body Oil (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyLiverOilFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Fish Liver Oil (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMealFAO	Domestic Supply Production of Fish Meal (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil EXports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsMealFAO	Total Fish Meal Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsMealFAO	Total Fish Meal Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdAqPlantsFAO	Production Quantity of Aquatic Plants (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdBodyOilFAO	Production Quantity of (Fish) Body Oil (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdLiverOilFAO	Production Quantityt of Fish Liver Oil (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdMealFAO	Production Quantity of Fish Meal (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedMealFAO	Total Fish Meal used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMealFAO	Total Fish Meal used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Seed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish consumed for Calories/cap/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish consumed for calories/cap/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish consumed for Calories/capita/day (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqAnimalsFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity ofAquatic Animals (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCephalopodsFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Cephalopods Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyCrustaceansFAO	Domestic Supply of Crustaceans Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish used for Food(Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyFreshwaterFAO	Total Domestic Supply of Freshwater Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMarineFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Marine Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyMolluscsFAO	Total Domestic Supply of Molluscs Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyPelagicFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Pelagic Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsCephalopodsFAO	Total Exports of Cephalopods Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish Exports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Food/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish for Food Supply/cap/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish used for Food Supply/cap/day  (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Food Suply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsCephalopodsFAO	Total Imports of Cephalopods Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishImportsPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish Imports (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdAqAnimalsFAO	Production Quantity Aquatic Animals (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdCephalopodsFAO	Production Quantity of Cephalopods Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdCrustaceansFAO	Production Quantity of Crustaceans Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdDemersalFAO	Production quantity of Demersal Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdFreshwaterFAO	Total Domestic Freshwater Fish Production (tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdMarineFAO	Production Quantity of Marine Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdMolluscsFAO	Production Quantity of Molluscs Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdPelagicFAO	Production quantity of Pelagic Fish (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish consumed for Protein/cap/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish consumed for protein/cap/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish consumed for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish used for Feed(Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish used for feed  (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFeedPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish used for Feed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish used for Food(Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish for food  (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish used for other Utilities(Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish used for other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Seed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Seed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish used for Feed(Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish used for Seed  (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Seed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Seed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoSeedPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish used for Seed (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportQuantityFAOTrade	Quantity of fish exported(Tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO, FishstatJ	AGXFishQuantTradetbl
SeriesAgFishExportValueFAOTrade	Export value of fish ($1000 US)  from FishstatJ software	FAO, FishstatJ	Fish imports and exports
SeriesAgFishImportQuantityFAOTrade	Quantity of fish imported (Tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO, FishstatJ	Fish imports and exports
SeriesAgFishImportValueFAOTrade	Import value of fish ($1000 US)  from FishstatJ software	FAO, FishstatJ	Fish imports and exports
SeriesAgCropExportQuantityFAOTrade	Quantity of Crops exported (Tonnes) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Crop trade
SeriesAgCropExportValueFAOTrade	Value of Crops exported (1000$ US) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Crop trade
SeriesAgCropImportQuantityFAOTrade	Quantity of Crops Imported (Tonnes) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Crop trade
SeriesAgCropImportValueFAOTrade	Value of Crops Imported(1000$ USD) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Crop trade
SeriesAgMeatExportQuantityFAOTrade	Quantity of meat exported (Tonnes) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Meat trade
SeriesAgMeatExportValueFAOTrade	Value of meat exported (1000$ US) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Meat trade
SeriesAgMeatImportQuantityFAOTrade	Quantity of Meat Imported (Tonnes) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Meat trade
SeriesAgMeatImportValueFAOTrade	Value of Meat Imported (1000$ US) from FAO Trade Domain	FAO	Meat trade
SeriesAgProdCereals	Cereal production	FAO	Crop production (AGP)
SeriesAgProdFruitsExclMelons	Production of fruit, excluding melons	FAO	Crop production (AGP)
SeriesAgProdPulses	Pulses production	FAO	Crop production (AGP)
SeriesAgProdRootsTub	Root and tuber production	FAO	Crop production (AGP)
SeriesAgProdVegMel	Vegetable, melon production	FAO	Crop production (AGP)
SeriesLandOther	Land, other	FAO	LdOth
SeriesLandBuiltGFNcorine	Land Area, Artificial Land	CORINE Land Cover	LdUrbTbl
SeriesLandBuiltGFNgaez	Land Area, Settlement and Infrastructure	Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) Model	LdUrbTbl
SeriesLandBuiltGFNglc	Land Area, Infrastructure aggregated	Global Land Cover (GLC) 2000	LdUrbTbl
SeriesLandBuiltGFNsage	Land Area, Buit area	Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) at University of Wisconsin	LdUrbTbl
SeriesAgProdMeat	Meat production	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAgFruVegEx	Fruit, vegetable exports	FAO	Food imports
SeriesAgFruVegIm	Fruit, vegetable imports	FAO	Food imports
SeriesLandPotentialArable	total potential arable land	FAOTERRASTAT	LandArablePot
SeriesWaterAnRenResources	Annually renewable water resources	FAO: Water Resources, Development and Management Service. AQUASTAT Information System on Water in Agriculture: Review of Water Resource Statistics by Country.  http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm.	Water resources
SeriesWaterAnWithdrawals	Annual water withdrawals/use (1990=70-99;2000=update, mostly 2000)	FAO: Water Resources, Development and Management Service. AQUASTAT Information System on Water in Agriculture: Review of Water Resource Statistics by Country.  http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm.	Water use
SeriesWaterAnRenResourcesOld	Annually renewable water resources	FAO: Water Resources, Development and Management Service. AQUASTAT Information System on Water in Agriculture: Review of Water Resource Statistics by Country.  http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/water_res/index.htm.	Water resources
SeriesLandUrban&Built	Land, urban and built-up areas	Loveland, T.R., Reed, B.C., J.F., Brown, J.F., Ohlen, D.O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L.  Merchant. J. 2000. <i>Global Land Cover Characteristics Database  V 2.0. http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/globdoc2_0.html	LdUrbTbl
SeriesAgBovineMeatProductionFAO	Total Domestic Bovine Meat Production (tonnes)	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAgCerealsEx	Cereal exports	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgCerealsIm	Cereal imports	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgCerealSupply	Cereal, domestic supply quantity	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgCerealWaste	FAO Cereal Waste	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgMeatEx	Meat exports	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgMeatIm	Meat imports	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgMeatOtherProductionFAO	Total Domestic Meat (Other) Production (tonnes)	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAgMuttonandGoatMeatProductionFAO	Total Domestic Mutton and Goat Meat Production (million metric tonnes)	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAgPigMeatProductionFAO	Total Domestic Pigmeat Production (tonnes)	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAgPoultryMeatProductionFAO	Total Domestic Poultry Meat Production (tonnes)	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAgPulsesEx	Pulse exports	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgPulsesIm	Pulseimports	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgVegetableSupply	FAO Vegetable Supply	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgVegetableWaste	FAO Vegetable Waste	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGCropCalPerCapPerDayFAO	Total calories consumed from crops per capita per day (kcal/capita/day).	FAO	CLPC
SeriesAGCropDomesticSupplyFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Crops (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGCropExportsFAO	Total Crop Exports (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGCropFatPerCapPerDayFAO	Total grams of fat consumed from crops per capita per day (g/capita/day).	FAO	GRAMSPC
SeriesAGCropFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO	Total food supply per capita per day from crops (g/capita/day).	FAO	GRAMSPC
SeriesAGCropImportsFAO	Total Crop Imports (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGCropProductionFAO	Total Domestic Crop Production (tonnes)	FAO	Crop production (AGP)
SeriesAGCropProteinPerCapPerDayFAO	Total protein consumption per capita per day from crops (g/capita/day).	FAO	PROTEINPC
SeriesAGCroptoFeedFAO	Total crop quantity used for feed (tonnes)	FAO	FEDDEM
SeriesAGCroptoFoodFAO	Total crop quantity used for food (tonnes)	FAO	FDEM
SeriesAGCroptoFoodManuFAO	Total crop quantity used for food manufacture (tonnes)	FAO	FDEM
SeriesAGCroptoOtherUtilFAO	Total crop quantity used for other utilities (tonnes)	FAO	INDEM
SeriesAGCroptoSeedFAO	Total crops used for seeds (tonnes)	FAO	FMDEM
SeriesAGCroptoWasteFAO	Total crops that go to waste(tonnes)	FAO	AGLOSSTRANS
SeriesAGFishCalPerCapPerDayFAO	Total per capita per day caloric supplies derived from fish for human consumption (kcal/capita/day).	FAO	CLPC
SeriesAGFishDomesticSupplyFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Fish  (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGFishExportsFAO	Total Fish Exports (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGFishFatPerCapPerDayFAO	Total grams of fat consumed from fish per capita per day (g/capita/day).	FAO	GRAMSPC
SeriesAGFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO	Total food supply per capita per day from fish (g/capita/day).	FAO	GRAMSPC
SeriesAGFishImportsFAO	Total Fish Imports (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGFishProteinPerCapPerDayFAO	Total protein consumption per capita per day from fish (g/capita/day).	FAO	PROTEINPC
SeriesAGFishtoFeedFAO	Total fish quantity used for feed (tonnes)	FAO	FEDDEM
SeriesAGFishtoFoodFAO	Total fish quantity used for food (tonnes)	FAO	FDEM
SeriesAGFishtoOtherUtilFAO	Total fish quantity used for other utilities (tonnes)	FAO	INDEM
SeriesAGFishtoSeedFAO	Total fish used for seeds i.e. reproduction (tonnes)	FAO	FMDEM
SeriesAGMeatCalPerCapPerDayFAO	Total calories consumed from meat per capita per day (kcal/capita/day).	FAO	CLPC
SeriesAGMeatDomesticSupplyFAO	Domestic Supply Quantity of Meat (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGMeatExportsFAO	Total Meat Exports (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGMeatFatPerCapPerDayFAO	Total grams of fat consumed from meat per capita per day (g/capita/day).	FAO	GRAMSPC
SeriesAGMeatFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayFAO	Total food supply per capita per day from meat (g/capita/day).	FAO	GRAMSPC
SeriesAGMeatImportsFAO	Total Meat Imports (tonnes)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAGMeatProductionFAO	Total Domestic Meat Production (tonnes)	FAO	Meat production (AGP)
SeriesAGMeatProteinPerCapPerDayFAO	Total protein consumption per capita per day from meat (g/capita/day).	FAO	PROTEINPC
SeriesAGMeattoFeedFAO	Total meat quantity used for feed (tonnes)	FAO	FEDDEM
SeriesAGMeattoFoodFAO	Total meat quantity used for food (tonnes)	FAO	FDEM
SeriesAGMeattoFoodManuFAO	Total meat quantity used for food manufacture (tonnes)	FAO	FDEM
SeriesAGMeattoOtherUtilFAO	Total meat quantity used for other utilities (tonnes)	FAO	INDEM
SeriesAGMeattoSeedFAO	Total meat used for seeds i.e. reproduction (tonnes)	FAO	FMDEM
SeriesAGMeattoWasteFAO	Total meat that goes to waste (tonnes).	FAO	AGLOSSTRANS
SeriesAgFishAquaProdOthersFSJ	Total Others Aquaculture Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdAqMammalsFSJ	Total Aquatic Mammals Catch Production (tonnes) from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishCatchProdOthersFSJ	Total Others Capture Production from FishstatJ	FAO  Global Aquaculture Production Quantity data	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarAqPlantsFAO	Total Aquatic Plants Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarBodyOilFAO	Total Body Oil Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarLiverOilFAO	Total Fish Liver Oil Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarMealFAO	Total Fish Meal Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishCalPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals used for Calories/capita/day (kcal/capita/day)	FAO	CLPC
SeriesAgFishDomesticSupplyAqMammalsFAO	Domestic Supply of Aquatic Mammals (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishExportsAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals Exports(Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Quantity used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish consumed for Fat/cap/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Fish consumed for Fat/cap/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish used for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFatPerCapPerDayPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish consumed for Fat/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishFoodSupplyPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals used for Food Supply/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdAqMammalsFAO	Production Quantity of Aquatic Mammals (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProteinPerCapPerDayAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals used for Protein/capita/day (g/capita/day)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarAqAnimalsFAO	Total Aquatic Animals Stock Variation (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarCephalopodsFAO	Total Cephalopods Fish Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarCrustaceansFAO	Total Crustaceans Fish Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarDemersalFAO	Total Demersal Fish Stock VariationTonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarFreshwaterFAO	Total Freshwater Stock Variation (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarMarineFAO	Total Marine Fish Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarMolluscsFAO	Total Molluscs Fish Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishStockVarPelagicFAO	Total Pelagic Fish Stock Variations (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoFoodAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals used for Food (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishtoOtherUtilAqMammalsFAO	Total Aquatic Mammals used for Other Utilities (Tonnes)	FAO	Read in all fish series from FAO Food Balance Sheets
SeriesAgFishProdAquaInland	Fish,Production, Inland Aquaculture	FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishProdAquaMarine	Fish, production, Marine Aquaculture	FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishProdCatchInland	Fish, Production, Inland Catch	FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishProdCatchMarine	Fish, Production, Marine Catch	FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishExportVal	Global Commodities Production and Trade Value of Fish Exports (USD)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgFishImportVal	Global Commodities Production and Trade Value of Fish Imports (USD)	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgFishAquaOther	Aquaculture, other (plants, frogs, crocodiles, turtles)	FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishImpt	Fish, import value	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAidCerealDon	Cereal donations	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAidCerealRec	Cereal gifts/aid received	FAO	Trade data
SeriesAgFishAquaInland	Aquaculture, inland	FAO, Aquaculture Quantities Dataset 1984-1997, Fishery Statistics Database downloadable with Fishstat-Plus software at: (http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/FISHERY/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.HTM	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaMarine	Aquaculture, marine fish catch	FAO, Aquaculture Quantities Dataset 1984-1997, Fishery Statistics Database downloadable with Fishstat-Plus software at: (http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/FISHERY/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.HTM	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaCatchTot	Fish production totals, aquaculture and capture	FAO, Aquaculture Quantities Dataset 1984-1997, Fishery Statistics Database downloadable with Fishstat-Plus software at: (http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/FISHERY/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.HTM	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishAquaTotal	Aquaculture, coastal and marine total fish production	Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit,  FAO. 2004. FISHSTAT Plus:  Version 2.3 (available on-line at http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp); Capture production 1950-2002 dataset. Rome: FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishExpt	Fish, export value	FAO, Aquaculture Quantities Dataset 1984-1997, Fishery Statistics Database downloadable with Fishstat-Plus software at: (http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/FISHERY/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.HTM	Trade data
SeriesAgFishInlandProd	Fish capture, inland	Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit,  FAO. 2004. FISHSTAT Plus:  Version 2.3 (available on-line at http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp); Capture production 1950-2002 dataset. Rome: FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFish%Protein	Fish protein as percent of total supply	FAO, Aquaculture Quantities Dataset 1984-1997, Fishery Statistics Database downloadable with Fishstat-Plus software at: (http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/FISHERY/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.HTM)	PROTEINPC
SeriesAgFishFreshwaterCatch	Freshwater fish catch	Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit,  FAO. 2004. FISHSTAT Plus:  Version 2.3 (available on-line at http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp); Capture production 1950-2002 dataset. Rome: FAO	Data from Fish stat j
SeriesAgFishMarineCatch	Marine fish catch	Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit,  FAO. 2004. FISHSTAT Plus:  Version 2.3 (available on-line at http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp); Capture production 1950-2002 dataset. Rome: FAO	Data from Fish stat j

Key variables in the agricultural model

Name	Unit	Dimensionality	Description	Where Initialized*
AGDEM	10^6 tons	country, food type	total agricultural demand/apparent consumption by food type	FY
AGLOSSCONS	10^6 tons	country, food type	Consumption losses	FY
AGLOSSPROD	10^6 tons	country, food type	Production losses	FY
AGLOSSTRANS	10^6 tons	country, food type	Transmission and distribution losses	PP
AGM	10^6 tons	country, food type	food imports	PP
AGP	10^6 tons	food type	total food production by food type	PP for crops, FY for meat and fish
AGPMILKAND EGGS	10^6 tons	country	Total non-meat animal products	PP
AGX	10^6 tons	country, food type	food exports	PP
AQUACUL	10^6 tons fish	country	total fish production in aquaculture	PP
CDALF	dimensionless (0-1)	country	Cobb-Douglas alpha	FY (ECONOMY)
CIVDM	dimensionless	country	civilian damage from war	FY (SOCIOPOL)
CLAVAL	10^6 Calories/day	country	actual calorie availability	PP (DATAAGRI)
CLD	thousand $/hectare	country	cost of land development	FY
CLPC	calories	country, food type	Calories per capita per day	PP
CO2PER	Percent	none	CO2, percentage increase in atmosphere, pre-industrial base	FY (ENVIRONMENT)
CS	billion $	country, economic sector	value of HH consumption	PP (DATAECON)
CULTREG	Index	country	Culutrual region: CULTREG 6 includes India, Nepal, Mauritius	PP (DataValues)
ENVYLCHG	Percent	country	annual change in agricultural yield due to climate change	FY (ENVIRONMENT)
FDEM	10^6 tons	country	food production going directly to food	PP
FEDDEM	10^6 tons	country	food production going to livestock	PP
FISH	10^6 tons fish	country	total fish production	FY
FMDEM	10^6 tons	country,food type	food production going to food manufacturing	PP
FPRI	Base 100	country, food type	country specific food price by food type (all 100 in base year)	FY
FPROFITR	dimensionless	country, food type	food profit ratio to initial year	FY
FSTOCK	10^6 tons	country, food type	food stocks, by food type	FY
GRAMSPC	grams	country, food type	Food supply per capita per day in grams	PP
I	billion$	country	total investment	FY (ECONOMY)
IALK	ratio (fraction)	country	investment in agriculture, land share	PP
IDS	billion$	country, economic sector	investment by economic sector	FY (ECONOMY)
INDEM	10^6 tons crops	country	industrial crop demand (crop production going directly to industry)	PP
KAG	billion$	country	value of agricultural capital	FY
LABS	million people	country, economic sector	labor supply	FY (ECONOMY)
landarablepot	10^6 ha	country	potential arable land	PP
LD	10^6 ha	country, land type	Amount of land	PP
LVHERD	10^6 tons meat	country	Size of livestock herd	PP
MFPRATE	dimensionless	country, economic sector	multifactor productivity rate	FY (ECONOMY)
MS	billion $	country, economic sector	value of imports	PP (DATAECON)
PROTEINPC	per capita per day	country, food type	Proteins per capita per day	PP
TGRYL	growth rate in decimal form	country	target growth rate in yield	FY
WAP	Base 100	food type	global food price by food type (all 100 in base year)	?
WAPRO	10^6 tons	food type	world agricultural production	FY
WATUSE	cubic km	country	water usage, annual	FY
WATUSEPC	cubic km/10^6 persons	country	water usage per capita, annual	PP
WEP	Base 100	none	World Energy Price per Barrel Oil Equivalent (Base 100)	FY (ENERGY)
WFORST	10^6 ha forest land	none	world forest area	FY
WGDP	billion $	none	global GDP	FY
WSTK	10^6 tons	food type	world agricultural stocks	FY
XS	billion $	country, economic sector	value of exports	PP (DATAECON)
YL	10^6 tons crops/10^6 ha crop land	country	productivity of crop land in terms of crops	FY
ZS	billion $	country, economic sector	value of gross production	PP (DATAECON)

Key User controllable parameters in the IFs agricultural model

Name	Unit	Dimensionality	Description	Default Value
Agconv	years	year	agricultural demand convergence time to function	75
Aginvm	Multiplier Base 1	year, country	multiplier on investment in agriculture	1
aglossconsperc	percentage	year, country, food type (crop, meat, fish)	waste rate of agricultural consumption	10
aglossprodperc	percentage	year, country, food type (crop, meat, aquaculture, fish catch)	loss rate at point of production	10
aglosstransm	Multiplier Base 1	year, country, food type (crop, meat, fish)	loss rate from producer to consumer, multiplier	1
Agon	switch (0-1)	year	switch to turn off or on linkages between ag module and other modules; default is on	1
aquaculconv	years	year	time over which aquaculture growth falls to 0	50
Aquaculgr	growth rate in percent	year, country	aquaculture growth rate, initial	3.5
Aquaculm	dimensionless	year, country	multiplier on aquaculture production	1
Calmax	Calories/person/day	year	maximum kilocalories needed per day per person.  This value should be a biologically-determined number that you will not normally change over time.	3800
Calmeatm	dimensionless (0-1)	year	the maximum portion of calories that will come from meat.  The model increases the portion of calories taken in the form of meat with income up to this level (a value between 0 and 1).	0.7
clpcm	Multiplier Base1	year,country	Per capita calorie multiplier	1
Dkl	depreciation rate in decimal form	year	depreciation rate of investment in land	0.01
Dstl	dimensionless (0-1)	year	Desired stock (inventory) level in the economy.  It is in proportional terms so that 0.1 represents a 10% target stock level (of a base that usually includes annual production and may include demand, exports, or imports).  There is little reason for most users to want to change this parameter.	0.1
Elagind	dimensionless	year	elasticity of industrial (incl. energy) use of crops with energy price	0.2
elagmpr1			elasticity of agricultural imports to prices
elagmpr2			elasticity of agricultural imports to change in prices
elagxpr1			elasticity of agricultural exports to prices
elagxpri2			elasticity of agricultural exports to change in prices
Elascd	dimensionless	year	elasticity of crop food demand to prices	-0.15
Elasfd	dimensionless	year	elasticity of fish demand to prices	-0.3
Elasmd	dimensionless	year	elasticity of meat demand to prices	-0.3
elfdpr1	dimensionless	year	elasticity of yield to stocks/inventories	-0.5
elfdpr2	dimensionless	year	elasticity of yield to changes in stocks/inventories	-1
Elglinpr	dimensionless	year	elasticity of livestock grazing intensity to prices	0.5
eliasp1	dimensionless	year	elasticity of ag investment in land to return	0.2
eliasp2	dimensionless	year	elasticity of ag investment in land to change in return	0.4
elinag1	dimensionless	year	elasticity of ag investment to profit	0.15
elinag2	dimensionless	year	elasticity of ag investment to change in profit	0.3
ellvhpr1			elasticity of livestock herd size to stock level
ellvhpr2			elasticity of livestock herd size to changes in stock level
envco2fert	No unit	No unit	Crop CO2 sensitivity	0.1365
envylchgadd	percentage	year	additive factor for effect of climate on yield	0
envylchgm	Multiplier Base 1	year, country	multiplier on effect of climate on yield	1
feddemm	Multiplier Base 1	year,country	Livestock feed demand multiplier	1
fishcatchm	Multiplier Base 1	year, country	fish catch multiplier	1
Forest	Multiplier Base 1	year, country	forest land multiplier	1
fpricr1	dimensionless	year	food prices, response to stock level	-0.3
fpricr2	dimensionless	year	food prices, response to change in stock level	-0.6
Fprihw	ratio	year	food prices (inertial delay) in change	0.8
fprimt1	dimensionless	year	fish prices, response to stock level	-0.3
fprimt2	dimensionless	year	fish prices, response to change in stock level	-0.6
indemm	Multiplier Base 1	year,country	Industrial agricultural demand multiplier	1
Ldcropm	dimensionless	year, country	multiplier on land to be developed for cropland	1
Ldwf	hectares/person	year	land withdrawal factor with population growth	0.05
Livhdpro	dimensionless	year	livestock herd productivity with grain feeding	0.5
Lks	years	country, economic sector	lifetime of capital	30
Lvcf	tons crops/tons meat	year	global livestock to calorie conversion factor, compared to crops	2
malelimprecisesw	switch (0-1)	year,country	elimination of hunger for only the undernoursihed population	0
malnelimstartyr	year	year,country	start year for an elimination of hunger scenario	0
malnelimtargetyr	year	year,country	Target year for an elimination of hunger scenario	0
Meatmax	tons meat/person/yr	year	The maximum meat consumption per person, in tons per person per year.  This parameter is only used to restrict meat consumption calculations in the initial year, in case of unreasonable data.  If you wish to introduce scenarios around dietary patterns (for instance, to reduce meat consumption), use the parameter calmeatm.	0.12
Mhw	dimensionless	year	iMport propensity, historical (inertial) delay in change.  Values near 1.0 imply very rapid adjustment and values near 0 imply little or no adjustment.  Significant changes in this parameter could destabilize model behavior.	0.5
Ofscth	10^6 tons fish	year	total global non-aquaculture fish production	80
Protecm	Multiplier Base 1	year, country	Trade protection multiplier.  A multiplier on the price of imported goods, unit-less, by region.  A value of 1 implies no change, while higher values proportionately increase the prices of imported goods and lower values decrease them.	1
Slr	fraction (0-1)	year	slaughter rate	0.7
Tgrld	growth rate in decimal form	country	target growth in cultivated land	0.1
Xhw	dimensionless	year	eXport propensity, inertial delay in change.  This parameter computes a moving average of export propensity.  A value of 0.7 would weight the historical or moving average by 0.7 and the newly computed value by 1-0.7 or 0.3.	0.7
Ylexp	dimensionless	year	yield, exponent controlling saturation speed	0.5
Ylhw	ratio	year	yield, inertial delay in change	0.2
Ylm	Multiplier Base 1	year, country	yield multiplier	1
Ylmax	10^6 tons crops/10^6 ha crop land	year, country	crop yield, maximum	15
Ylmaxgr	growth rate in decimal form	year	maximum growth in yield	0.075