View source for EconDash

The <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">EconDash</span> is a set of interactive data visualizations created by the [http://pardee.du.edu/ Frederick S. <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Pardee" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Pardee</span> Center for International Futures]. The purpose of these visualizations is to allow the user to explore and better understand relevant indicators of financial and economic instability and resilience. <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">EconDash</span> uses both [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Units_.5Bcoming_soon.5D monadic and dyadic data] across time, and includes some forecasted variables from the [[International_Futures_(IFs)|International Futures (IFs)]] system. There is currently one public user interface available from <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">EconDash that explores [http://54.149.184.118/econdash/ Trade Networks]</span>. A new Economic Vulnerability interface will be available by&nbsp;late summer 2017.

= <span style="font-size:x-large;"><span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">EconDash</span>: Trade Networks Interface</span> =

This&nbsp;dashboard&nbsp;focuses on trade networks from 1960 to 2014 and the centrality of countries in these networks. It also contains data on financial crises over the same time period. To access the dashboard [http://54.149.184.118/econdash/ click here].

== Navigating the Interface ==

The <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">EconDash</span> interface allows users to display and explore financial and economic crises and global trade networks along a variety of dimensions. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/b/bb/EconDashTrade_Figure_1.jpg Figure 1] is an [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 1.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 1: EconDash Annotated Main Display Page]]annotated view of the&nbsp;[http://54.149.184.118/econdash/ main display page]&nbsp;with its default settings. It provides definitions and instructions on each of the page's functions. On this page, the user can select the [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Defining_the_Variables independent&nbsp;variables]&nbsp;that determine: 1) the size of the bubbles that represent each country ("Select country size"); 2) the bubbles' color scheme ("Select country color"); 3) the network that is represented by the links (grey lines) between countries ("Select network"); and 4) the value threshold over which network links should be displayed for the selected network variable ("Show connections"). One can also select the year of the data that will be displayed ("Select year"). Currently, data is available from 1960 to 2014.

In addition, the interface provides information about the selected independent variables in the textual display on the right and in graphs at the bottom of the screen. One can access country-specific information about [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 2.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 2: Mouse-over Country Display Example]]selected variables by <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="mousing" data-scayt-lang="en_US">mousing</span> over each country bubble (see&nbsp;[http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/5/51/EconDashTrade_Figure_2.jpg Figure 2]). Information about the network variable&nbsp;for two countries ([http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Units_.5Bcoming_soon.5D country dyads]) can be viewed by <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="mousing" data-scayt-lang="en_US">mousing</span> over the grey line linking them (see [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/images/9/9e/EconDashTrade_Figure_3.jpg Figure 3]). Generally, the most meaningful stories emerge when two or more of the selected variables represents the same category of information.&nbsp;For example, one could gain a better understanding of the world's energy trade networks and how they&nbsp;relate&nbsp;to economic <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="sophisitaction" data-scayt-lang="en_US">sophisitaction</span> (as measured by GDP per capita) by selecting "<span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="GDPPCP" data-scayt-lang="en_US">GDPPCP</span>" for country size,&nbsp;"centrality score energy" for country color, "total energy trade" for network, and experimenting with connection thresholds.

== Example Exploration:&nbsp;Financial Crises Across Time ==

Say you want to better understand the occurrence and movement of financial crises across time. Select&nbsp;"GDP at MER" for the country [[File:EconDashTrade Figure 3.jpg|frame|right|600x400px|Figure 3: Mouse-over Network Link Display Example]]size, "Financial Crisis (Binary)" for the country color and "Total Trade" for the network. Then, select 1960 for the year, and (without clicking again) begin to scroll down though subsequent years using the down arrow key&nbsp;on your keyboard. In this way, you can quickly see which countries experienced a financial crisis in each year. Some patterns you may notice are:

- Between 1960 and 1980 financial crises were limited to the Global South

- After&nbsp;1980, more countries in the Global North began to experience crisis, and the US had its first post-1960 crisis in 1988

- Crises occur in geographically contiguous country clusters relatively often (e.g. western South America 1981, <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Scandanavia" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Scandanavia</span>&nbsp;1991, Eastern Europe 1992, east and southeast Asia 1997 and&nbsp;1998)

- When countries with large economies are involved in a crisis, it can affect a region and/or&nbsp;trading partners in subsequent years; this cascading effect can be seen in the map view and in the bar graph displayed at the bottom of the page&nbsp;(e.g. Asian financial crisis with Japan as the epicenter in 1996 and 1997 and the Global Financial Crisis with the US and UK as epicenters in 2007-2009)



== <span style="font-size:xx-large;">Defining the Variables</span> ==

The different categories of relevant indicators are listed below, with a justification for their inclusion in the <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">EconDash</span> visualization.

=== <span style="font-size:x-large;">Dependent Variable:Types of Crises</span> ===

The dependent variable is defined as an economic crisis that occurs as a result of strictly economic phenomena. This excludes economic instability resulting from&nbsp;political instability or&nbsp;natural disasters. Economic crises are classified according to the following IMF data.

The IMF [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Systemic-Banking-Crises-Database-An-Update-26015 Systemic Banking Crises Database] <ref>Systemic Banking Crises Database : An Update. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Systemic-Banking-Crises-Database-An-Update-26015fckLR</ref>was originally published in 2008 by Luc <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Laeven" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Laeven</span> and <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Fabián" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Fabián</span> Valencia, and updated in 2012. The IMF Systemic Banking Crises Database covers 431 crisis events identified from 1970 to 2011, of which 134 are identified as systemic banking crises, 13 borderline systemic banking crises, 218 currency crises, and 66 sovereign debt crises. For the 147 systemic or borderline systemic banking crises, the database also tracks the mixture of policy responses to each of these systemic banking crises. The authors of the database classify each of the crisis events per the following criteria:

==== Financial Crises&nbsp; ====

Financial crises are analyzed as&nbsp;binary variables from the IMF's&nbsp;banking crises database.&nbsp;They&nbsp;observe&nbsp;the <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="occurence" data-scayt-lang="en_US">occurence</span> of any one of the following types of financial crises:

#Systemic Banking Crisis
#Currency Crisis
#Sovereign Debt Crisis

==== Systemic Banking Crisis ====

Systemic banking crises are contingent upon satisfying the following two conditions:

1) Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated by significant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations)

2) Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system.&nbsp;The first year that both conditions are satisfied is considered the onset year.

The second condition can be met when three of the following six policy intervention measures have been implemented:



#''Extensive liquidity support&nbsp;''- Liquidity support is extensive when the ratio of central bank claims on the financial sector to deposits and foreign liabilities exceeds five percent and more than doubles relative to its pre-crisis level. The authors also included any liquidity support extended directly from the treasury. But liquidity support to subsidiaries of foreign banks is not included in the ratio of the foreign country, only the domestic ratio.
#''Bank restructuring gross costs&nbsp;''- Bank restructuring costs are defined as gross fiscal outlays directed to the restructuring of the financial sector. The authors exclude liquidity assistance from the treasury captured by the first intervention to avoid potentially double counting. Bank restructuring costs are considered significant if they compose at least 3% of GDP
#''Significant bank nationalizations -&nbsp;''Significant nationalizations are takeovers by the government of systemically important financial institutions and include cases where the government takes a majority stake in the capital of those financial institutions.
#''Significant guarantees put in place&nbsp;''- Significant guarantee on bank liabilities indicate that either a full protection of liabilities has been issued or that guarantees have been extended to non-deposit liabilities of banks. However, policy interventions that only target the level of deposit insurance coverage are excluded.
#''Significant asset purchases&nbsp;''- Significant asset purchases from&nbsp;financial institutions by the central bank or the treasury exceeding five percent of GDP.
#''Deposit freezes and/or bank holidays - ''Government halts acccount activity or require bank closure; this action is taken more frequently by emerging economies.



Outside of these criteria, a crisis can be deemed systemic if&nbsp;1) a country’s banking system exhibits significant losses resulting in a share of <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="nonperforming" data-scayt-lang="en_US">nonperforming</span> loans above 20 percent, or bank closures of at least 20 percent of banking system assets; or 2) fiscal restructuring costs of the banking sector are sufficiently high exceeding 5 percent of GDP.

==== Currency Crisis ====

Currency crises occur when the national currency experiences a nominal depreciation of the currency against the U.S. dollar of at least 30 percent and is also at least 10 percentage points greater than the rate of depreciation in the year before. The authors use the bilateral dollar exchange rate from the World Economic Outlook database from the IMF. In cases where countries meet the currency criteria for several continuous years, the authors use the first year of each 5-year window to identify the crisis. Using this approach the authors identify 218 currency crises from 1970 to 2011, of which, 10 occur from 2008 to 2011.

==== Sovereign Debt Crisis and Debt Restructuring Years ====

Sovereign debt crises occur when countries default on their sovereign debt to private creditors. The authors identify 66 sovereign debt crises using data taken from a <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Beim" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Beim</span> and <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Calomiris" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Calomiris</span> 2001 paper, the World Bank, a <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Sturzenegger" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Sturzenegger</span> and <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Zettelmeyer" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Zettelmeyer</span> 2006 paper, IMF staff reports, and reports from rating agencies. Similarly, the year of debt restructuring is the year a country restructures their debt. It is possible to have multiple crises and debt <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="restructurings" data-scayt-lang="en_US">restructurings</span> in a single year, see Greece 2012. <ref>Luc Laeven and Fabian Valencia. "Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update," IMF Working Paper 12 (2012): 1-32. Accessed July 6, 2017. https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/_wp12163.ashx.</ref>

=== <span style="font-size:x-large;">Independent Variable:&nbsp;Drivers of&nbsp;Crises</span> ===

The independent variables in this dataset describe countries' internal economic conditions and their networked relationships, i.e. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Trade_Data_and.C2.A0Centrality_Scores centrality scores]. [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Table_1:_Variable_List Table 1] lists each independent variable and provides its category, source, and definition. See additional information on data sources [http://pardee.du.edu/wiki/index.php?title=EconDash#Data_Sources below].

==== Table 1: Variable List ====

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 668px;"
|-
| style="text-align: center; width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">'''Variable Name'''</span>
| style="width: 126px; text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">'''Source Institution(s)'''</span>
| style="width: 118px; text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">'''Source Database(s)'''</span>
| style="width: 260px; text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">'''Definition'''</span>
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; width: 662px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">''Structural Variables''</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">GDP Growth Rate</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & International Monetary Fund (IMF)</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">International Futures (IFs) & IMF's&nbsp;[https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/index.aspx World Economic Outlook] (WEO)</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, percent</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">GDP at MER</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & IMF</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">IFs & WEO</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">GDP at Market Exchange Rates (billion USD), 2011 constant prices</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;"><span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="GDPPCP" data-scayt-lang="en_US">GDPPCP</span></span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & IMF</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">IFs & WEO</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">GDP per capita at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (thousand USD), 2011 constant prices</span><br/>
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; width: 662px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">''Financial Variables''</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Ag</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;"><span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Pardee" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Pardee</span> Center, [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/default.asp United Nations&nbsp;Trade Statistics] (UNTS) &&nbsp;[http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/welcome.asp CEPii]</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">[https://comtrade.un.org/ UN&nbsp;][https://comtrade.un.org/ Comtrade Database]&nbsp;(Comtrade) & CEPii's [http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=1 BACI]</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the agricultural trade network meausured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Ag (Percent)</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the agricultural trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Energy</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the energy trade networkmeasured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Energy (Percent)</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the energy trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score ICT</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the ICT trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score ICT (Percent)</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the energy trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Manufacturing</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the manufacturing trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Manufacturing (Percent)</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the manufacturing trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Materials</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the materials trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Materials (Percent)</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the materials trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Services</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & UNTS</span>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/servicetrade/ UN Service Trade Statistics Database]</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the services trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Services (Percent)</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & UNTS</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & UN Service Trade Statistics Database</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the services trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Total</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade, BACI, & UN Service Trade Statistics Database</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the total trade network measured as aggregate trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality Score Total (Percent)</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade, BACI, & UN Service Trade Statistics Database</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Centrality of country in the total trade network measured as a percent of a country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 111px; text-align: center;" colspan="4" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">''Network Variables''</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Trade as a Percent of GDP</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade, BACI, & UN Service Trade Statistics Database</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Energy Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral energy trade in millions of USD</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total ICT Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral ICT trade in millions of USD</span>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Manufacturing Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral manufacturing trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Materials Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral materials trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Services Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & UNTS</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & UN Service Trade Statistics Database</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral services trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Agricultural Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral agricultural trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Trade</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total bilateral trade in millions of USD</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Energy Trade as a Percent of GDP</span>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total energy trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total ICT Trade as a Percent of GDP</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total ICT trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Manufacturing Trade as a Percent of GDP</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total manufacturing trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Materials Trade as a Percent of GDP</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total materials trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Services Trade as a Percent of GDP</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center & UNTS</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & UN Service Trade Statistics Database</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total services trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span><br/>
|-
| style="width: 142px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total Agricultural Trade as a Percent of GDP</span><br/>
| style="width: 126px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Pardee Center, UNTS, & CEPii</span><br/>
| style="width: 118px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Comtrade & BACI</span><br/>
| style="width: 260px;" | <span style="font-size:smaller;">Total agricultural trade as a percent of the partner country's GDP</span>
|}

=== Data Sources ===

Most dyadic trade data comes from the [https://comtrade.un.org/ UN Comtrade Database], which houses the world's "official international trade statistics." CEPii&nbsp;cleans the Comtrade data, so data has been pulled from its [http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/presentation.asp?id=1 BACI Database] for ease of use. However, CEPii&nbsp;does not have dyadic trade data for the services sector, so data from the UN Service Trade Statistics is blended with the CEPii&nbsp;data to get a complete trade balance. Both Comtrade and the Service Trade Statistics data bases are managed by the [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/default.asp UN Trade Statistics] branch of the&nbsp;[https://unstats.un.org/home/ United Nations Statistics Division].

= Centrality Scores =

Network analysis can be used to determine a country's centrality within a global network. In network analysis, [http://www.stat.washington.edu/people/pdhoff/courses/567/Notes/l6_centrality_paused.pdf centrality]&nbsp;has been defined along the following dimensions:

#''Reach&nbsp;''- ability of an entity&nbsp;to reach other vertices
#''Flow&nbsp;''- quantity/weight of &nbsp;passing through entity
#''Vitality&nbsp;''- Effect of removing entity from the network
#''Feedback&nbsp;''- A recursive function of alter centralities<ref>Pefer Hoff. "Centrality: Statistical Analysis of social networks." (n.d). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from http://www.stat.washington.edu/people/pdhoff/courses/567/Notes/l6_centrality_paused.pdf.</ref>

EconDash uses [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGVvm-j-NG4 eigenvector centrality] to determine the centrality of each country, or "node," in&nbsp;a global&nbsp;network. Eigenvector centrality''&nbsp;''assigns each node a relative score based on the centrality of its connections. Connections to higher-scoring nodes contribute more to a node's centrality score than connections to lower-scoring nodes. It uses a matrix calculation to iteratively determine each node's centrality score. The basic idea behind eigenvector centrality is that a central actor is connected to other central actors. It is distinct from the simpler degree centrality in that it weights connections rather than assigning a score based on the number of connections alone.<ref>"Eigenvector Centrality." (n.d.). Retrieved July 6, 2017, from https://www.sci.unich.it/~francesc/teaching/network/eigenvector.html.</ref> In <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="EconDash" data-scayt-lang="en_US">Trade Networks visualization</span>, eigenvector centrality is used to analyze centrality of a country in a trade network in a particular year.&nbsp;

= Data Structure =

== Monadic Data ==

Monadic data are those that describe one&nbsp;country in a single year with a structure of country-year. For example, Senegal's GDP per capita at PPP in 2012. In the EconDash's Trade Networks visualization, monadic variables include all Dependent Variables (i.e. crises),&nbsp;Structural Variables (i.e. economic statistics) and Financial Variables (i.e.centrality scores). While centrality scores are calculated based on a country's trade relationships with other countries (nodes) in the global network, countries receive a single, annual centrality score for each trade&nbsp;sector.

== Dyadic Data ==

Dyadic data are those that describe the relationship between two countries in a single year with a structure of country-country-year. For example, total ICT trade between the US and China in 2015. In the EconDash's Trade Networks visualization, dyadic variables include all Network Variables (i.e. abosolute and relative levels of trade). The dyadic trade data is used to analyze bilateral trade levels between countries in the following sectors.&nbsp;Each sector is analyzed as percent of partner country's GDP as well as&nbsp;total intrasector trade in millions of US dollars:

#Energy
#Manufacturing
#Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
#Materials
#Services
#Agriculture
#Total Trade

= References =

<references />